arXiv:2508.11360v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: As autonomous agents become adept at understanding and interacting with graphical user interface (GUI) environments, a new era of automated task execution is emerging. Recent studies have demonstrated that Reinforcement Learning (RL) can effectively enhance agents' performance in dynamic interactive GUI environments. However, these methods face two key limitations: (1) they overlook the significant variation in difficulty across different GUI tasks by treating the entire training data as a uniform set, which hampers the agent's ability to adapt its learning process; and (2) most approaches collapse task-specific nuances into a single, coarse reward, leaving the agent with a uniform signal that yields inefficient policy updates. To address these limitations, we propose CRAFT-GUI, a curriculum learning framework based on Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) that explicitly accounts for the varying difficulty across trajectories. To enable more fine-grained policy optimization, we design a reward function that combines simple rule-based signals with model-judged evaluation, providing richer and more nuanced feedback during training. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves significant improvements over previous state-of-the-art approaches, outperforming them by 5.6% on public benchmarks Android Control and 10.3% on our internal online benchmarks, respectively. These findings empirically validate the effectiveness of integrating reinforcement learning with curriculum learning in GUI interaction tasks.

arXiv:2603.05772v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Currently, open-sourced large language models (OSLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable generative performance. However, as their structure and weights are made public, they are exposed to jailbreak attacks even after alignment. Existing attacks operate primarily at shallow levels, such as the prompt or embedding level, and often fail to expose vulnerabilities rooted in deeper model components, which creates a false sense of security for successful defense. In this paper, we propose \textbf{\underline{S}}afety \textbf{\underline{A}}ttention \textbf{\underline{H}}ead \textbf{\underline{A}}ttack (\textbf{SAHA}), an attention-head-level jailbreak framework that explores the vulnerability in deeper but insufficiently aligned attention heads. SAHA contains two novel designs. Firstly, we reveal that deeper attention layers introduce more vulnerability against jailbreak attacks. Based on this finding, \textbf{SAHA} introduces \textit{Ablation-Impact Ranking} head selection strategy to effectively locate the most vital layer for unsafe output. Secondly, we introduce a boundary-aware perturbation method, \textit{i.e. Layer-Wise Perturbation}, to probe the generation of unsafe content with minimal perturbation to the attention. This constrained perturbation guarantees higher semantic relevance with the target intent while ensuring evasion. Extensive experiments show the superiority of our method: SAHA improves ASR by 14\% over SOTA baselines, revealing the vulnerability of the attack surface on the attention head. Our code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/SAHA.

arXiv:2603.05773v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Safety alignment is often conceptualized as a monolithic process wherein harmfulness detection automatically triggers refusal. However, the persistence of jailbreak attacks suggests a fundamental mechanistic decoupling. We propose the \textbf{\underline{D}}isentangled \textbf{\underline{S}}afety \textbf{\underline{H}}ypothesis \textbf{(DSH)}, positing that safety computation operates on two distinct subspaces: a \textit{Recognition Axis} ($\mathbf{v}_H$, ``Knowing'') and an \textit{Execution Axis} ($\mathbf{v}_R$, ``Acting''). Our geometric analysis reveals a universal ``Reflex-to-Dissociation'' evolution, where these signals transition from antagonistic entanglement in early layers to structural independence in deep layers. To validate this, we introduce \textit{Double-Difference Extraction} and \textit{Adaptive Causal Steering}. Using our curated \textsc{AmbiguityBench}, we demonstrate a causal double dissociation, effectively creating a state of ``Knowing without Acting.'' Crucially, we leverage this disentanglement to propose the \textbf{Refusal Erasure Attack (REA)}, which achieves State-of-the-Art attack success rates by surgically lobotomizing the refusal mechanism. Furthermore, we uncover a critical architectural divergence, contrasting the \textit{Explicit Semantic Control} of Llama3.1 with the \textit{Latent Distributed Control} of Qwen2.5. The code and dataset are available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/DSH.