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Received β€” 10 September 2026 ⏭ Molecular Therapy Nucleic Acids

Codon-dependent translation of N1-ethylpseudouridine-modified mRNA reduces innate immune activation while preserving vaccine immunogenicity

Et1Ξ¨-modified mRNA shows UUU-dependent translational sensitivity, but targeted UUU-to-UUC recoding restores protein expression. With this sequence constraint addressed, Et1Ξ¨ reduces early innate immune activation while preserving vaccine-induced humoral, cellular, and neutralizing responses, thereby establishing codon–modification compatibility as a practical design principle for mRNA therapeutics.
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