npj Digital Medicine, Published online: 26 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02277-8

A novel evaluation benchmark for medical LLMs illuminating safety and effectiveness in clinical domains

arXiv:2511.11030v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Artificial intelligence is revealing what medicine never intended to encode. Deep vision models, trained on chest X-rays, can now detect not only disease but also invisible traces of social inequality. In this study, we show that state-of-the-art architectures (DenseNet121, SwinV2-B, MedMamba) can predict a patient's health insurance type, a strong proxy for socioeconomic status, from normal chest X-rays with significant accuracy (AUC around 0.70 on MIMIC-CXR-JPG, 0.68 on CheXpert). The signal was unlikely contributed by demographic features by our machine learning study combining age, race, and sex labels to predict health insurance types; it also remains detectable when the model is trained exclusively on a single racial group. Patch-based occlusion reveals that the signal is diffuse rather than localized, embedded in the upper and mid-thoracic regions. This suggests that deep networks may be internalizing subtle traces of clinical environments, equipment differences, or care pathways; learning socioeconomic segregation itself. These findings challenge the assumption that medical images are neutral biological data. By uncovering how models perceive and exploit these hidden social signatures, this work reframes fairness in medical AI: the goal is no longer only to balance datasets or adjust thresholds, but to interrogate and disentangle the social fingerprints embedded in clinical data itself.

arXiv:2510.26012v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: The rapid growth of research literature, particularly in large language models (LLMs), has made producing comprehensive and current survey papers increasingly difficult. This paper introduces autosurvey2, a multi-stage pipeline that automates survey generation through retrieval-augmented synthesis and structured evaluation. The system integrates parallel section generation, iterative refinement, and real-time retrieval of recent publications to ensure both topical completeness and factual accuracy. Quality is assessed using a multi-LLM evaluation framework that measures coverage, structure, and relevance in alignment with expert review standards. Experimental results demonstrate that autosurvey2 consistently outperforms existing retrieval-based and automated baselines, achieving higher scores in structural coherence and topical relevance while maintaining strong citation fidelity. By combining retrieval, reasoning, and automated evaluation into a unified framework, autosurvey2 provides a scalable and reproducible solution for generating long-form academic surveys and contributes a solid foundation for future research on automated scholarly writing. All code and resources are available at https://github.com/annihi1ation/auto_research.

arXiv:2511.11030v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Artificial intelligence is revealing what medicine never intended to encode. Deep vision models, trained on chest X-rays, can now detect not only disease but also invisible traces of social inequality. In this study, we show that state-of-the-art architectures (DenseNet121, SwinV2-B, MedMamba) can predict a patient's health insurance type, a strong proxy for socioeconomic status, from normal chest X-rays with significant accuracy (AUC around 0.67 on MIMIC-CXR-JPG, 0.68 on CheXpert). The signal persists even when age, race, and sex are controlled for, and remains detectable when the model is trained exclusively on a single racial group. Patch-based occlusion reveals that the signal is diffuse rather than localized, embedded in the upper and mid-thoracic regions. This suggests that deep networks may be internalizing subtle traces of clinical environments, equipment differences, or care pathways; learning socioeconomic segregation itself. These findings challenge the assumption that medical images are neutral biological data. By uncovering how models perceive and exploit these hidden social signatures, this work reframes fairness in medical AI: the goal is no longer only to balance datasets or adjust thresholds, but to interrogate and disentangle the social fingerprints embedded in clinical data itself.

arXiv:2511.16997v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The emergence of AI Scientists has demonstrated remarkable potential in automating scientific research. However, current approaches largely conceptualize scientific discovery as a solitary optimization or search process, overlooking that knowledge production is inherently a social and historical endeavor. Human scientific insight stems from two distinct yet interconnected sources. First is the individual cognitive trajectory, where a researcher's unique insight is shaped by their evolving research history and stylistic preferences; another is the collective disciplinary memory, where knowledge is sedimented into vast, interconnected networks of citations and concepts. Existing LLMs still struggle to represent these structured, high-fidelity cognitive and social contexts. To bridge this gap, we introduce MirrorMind, a hierarchical cognitive architecture that integrates dual-memory representations within a three-level framework. The Individual Level constructs high-fidelity cognitive models of individual researchers by capturing their episodic, semantic, and persona memories; the Domain Level maps collective knowledge into structured disciplinary concept graphs; and the Interdisciplinary Level that acts as an orthogonal orchestration engine. Crucially, our architecture separates memory storage from agentic execution, enabling AI scientist agents to flexibly access individual memories for unique perspectives or collective structures to reason. We evaluate MirrorMind across four comprehensive tasks, including author-level cognitive simulation, complementary reasoning, cross-disciplinary collaboration promotion, and multi-agent scientific problem solving. The results show that by integrating individual cognitive depth with collective disciplinary breadth, MirrorMind moves beyond simple fact retrieval toward structural, personalized, and insight-generating scientific reasoning.

arXiv:2410.21348v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: With the increasing application of large language models (LLMs) in the medical domain, evaluating these models' performance using benchmark datasets has become crucial. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of various benchmark datasets employed in medical LLM tasks. These datasets span multiple modalities including text, image, and multimodal benchmarks, focusing on different aspects of medical knowledge such as electronic health records (EHRs), doctor-patient dialogues, medical question-answering, and medical image captioning. The survey categorizes the datasets by modality, discussing their significance, data structure, and impact on the development of LLMs for clinical tasks such as diagnosis, report generation, and predictive decision support. Key benchmarks include MIMIC-III, MIMIC-IV, BioASQ, PubMedQA, and CheXpert, which have facilitated advancements in tasks like medical report generation, clinical summarization, and synthetic data generation. The paper summarizes the challenges and opportunities in leveraging these benchmarks for advancing multimodal medical intelligence, emphasizing the need for datasets with a greater degree of language diversity, structured omics data, and innovative approaches to synthesis. This work also provides a foundation for future research in the application of LLMs in medicine, contributing to the evolving field of medical artificial intelligence.

Nature Biotechnology, Published online: 17 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41587-025-02845-z

The interactions of CAR-T cells and solid tumors are modeled on a chip.

Background: Despite artificial intelligence (AI) models demonstrating high predictive accuracy for early cholangiocarcinoma recurrence, their clinical application faces challenges, such as reproducibility, generalizability, hidden biases, and uncertain performance across diverse datasets and populations, raising concerns about their practical applicability. Objective: This meta-analysis aims to systematically assess the diagnostic performance of AI models using computed tomography (CT) imaging to predict early recurrence of cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies published up to May 2025. Studies were selected based on the Participants, Index test, Target condition, Reference standard, Outcomes, and Setting (PITROS) framework. Participants included patients diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma (including intrahepatic and extrahepatic locations). The index test was AI techniques applied to CT imaging for early recurrence prediction (defined as within 1 year), while the target condition was early recurrence of cholangiocarcinoma (positive group: recurrence; negative group: no recurrence). The reference standard was pathological diagnosis or imaging follow-up confirming recurrence. Outcomes included sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), assessed in both internal and external validation cohorts. The setting comprised retrospective or prospective studies using hospital datasets. Methodological quality was assessed using an optimized version of the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, DOR, and AUC were calculated using a bivariate random-effects model. Results: A total of 9 studies with 30 datasets involving 1537 patients were included. In internal validation cohorts, CT-based AI models showed a pooled sensitivity of 0.87 (95% CI 0.81-0.92), specificity of 0.85 (95% CI 0.79-0.89), DOR of 37.71 (95% CI 18.35-77.51), and AUC of 0.93 (95% CI 0.90-0.94). In external validation cohorts, pooled sensitivity was 0.87 (95% CI 0.81-0.91), specificity was 0.82 (95% CI 0.77-0.86), DOR was 30.81 (95% CI 18.79-50.52), and AUC was 0.85 (95% CI 0.82-0.88). The AUC was significantly lower in external validation cohorts compared to internal validation cohorts (P<.001). Conclusions: Our results show that CT-based AI models predict early cholangiocarcinoma recurrence with high performance in internal validation sets and moderate performance in external validation sets. However, the high heterogeneity observed may impact the robustness of these results. Future research should focus on prospective studies and establishing standardized gold standards to further validate the clinical applicability and generalizability of AI models.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 08 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03859-5

Building the world’s first truly global medical foundation model

Nature, Published online: 23 July 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09140-6

Using sequencing and haplotype-resolved assembly of 65 diverse human genomes, complex regions including the major histocompatibility complex and centromeres are analysed.

Cell Death Discovery, Published online: 24 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41420-024-02020-4

KDM5B promotes SMAD4 loss-driven drug resistance through activating DLG1/YAP to induce lipid accumulation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Nature Biotechnology, Published online: 26 January 2024; doi:10.1038/s41587-023-02100-3

Scalable, accessible and reproducible reference genome assembly and evaluation in Galaxy

Nature, Published online: 10 May 2023; doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05896-x

An initial draft of the human pangenome is presented and made publicly available by the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium; the draft contains 94 de novo haplotype assemblies from 47 ancestrally diverse individuals.

Nature, Published online: 19 October 2022; doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05325-5

Which combination of current genome sequencing and assembly approaches results in high-quality, complete diploid genome assemblies is determined.