The OWASP Foundation has officially introduced the AI Testing Guide (AITG), a new open-source initiative aimed at assisting organizations in the systematic testing and security of artificial intelligence systems. This guide serves as a fundamental resource for developers, testers, risk officers, and cybersecurity professionals, promoting best practices in AI system security.
By Robert Krzaczyński
Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2025 Jun 27;51(1):238. doi: 10.1007/s00068-025-02922-7.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Obesity is a prevalent disease, but its influence on post-injury biology remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterize the independent effect of obesity on the proteomic and metabolomic signatures of trauma.
METHODS: Plasma was obtained on arrival from injured patients at a Level 1 Trauma Center and analyzed with modern mass spectrometry-based proteomics and metabolomics. Samples obtained after start of transfusion were excluded. Patients were stratified by "obesity" (body mass index [BMI]≥30 kg/m2) vs. "no obesity" (BMI < 30 kg/m2). In sub-group analyses, patients were sub-stratified by Low Injury/Low Shock (ISS < 15, base excess [BE]≥-6mEq/L) and High Injury/High Shock (ISS≥15, BE<-6). Multiple regression was used to adjust the omics data for significant covariates prior to performing ome-wide analyses.
RESULTS: There were 183 patients included (48 [26%] with obesity and 135 [74%] without). After covariate-adjustment, multiple proteins and metabolites were correlated with ISS and/or BE and were significantly different from Low Injury/Low Shock to High Injury/High Shock only in patients with obesity. This obesity-specific omics response to injury was characterized by increased inflammation, hypercoagulability, altered nitrogen metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Patients with obesity also exhibited excessive injury-provoked tissue destruction and organ damage compared to patients without obesity. In injury severity-adjusted analyses, the obesity signature consistently displayed markers of hemolysis, likely reflecting a pre-injury hemolytic propensity.
CONCLUSION: Obesity is independently associated with altered post-injury biology, which likely underlies unique pathology in trauma patients with obesity. Identifying this aberrant response to injury is the first step in developing personalized therapies for this patient population.
PMID:40576654 | DOI:10.1007/s00068-025-02922-7
Nature, Published online: 27 June 2025; doi:10.1038/d41586-025-02011-0
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