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Received — 4 December 2025 ⏭ Favourites

A Definition of AGI

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Dan Hendrycks · Dawn Song · Christian Szegedy · Honglak Lee · Yarin Gal · Erik Brynjolfsson · Sharon Li · Andy Zou · Lionel Levine · Bo Han · Jie Fu · Ziwei Liu · Jinwoo Shin · Kimin Lee · Mantas Mazeika · Long Phan · George Ingebretsen · Adam Khoja · Cihang Xie · Olawale Salaudeen · Matthias Hein · Kevin Zhao · Alexander Pan · David Duvenaud · Bo Li · Steve Omohundro · Gabriel Alfour · Max Tegmark · Kevin McGrew · Gary Marcus · Jaan Tallinn · Eric Schmidt · Yoshua Bengio
4 December 2025 at 13:00
arXiv:2510.18212v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: The lack of a concrete definition for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) obscures the gap between today's specialized AI and human-level cognition. This paper introduces a quantifiable framework to address this, defining AGI as matching the cognitive versatility and proficiency of a well-educated adult. To operationalize this, we ground our methodology in Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory, the most empirically validated model of human cognition. The framework dissects general intelligence into ten core cognitive domains-including reasoning, memory, and perception-and adapts established human psychometric batteries to evaluate AI systems. Application of this framework reveals a highly "jagged" cognitive profile in contemporary models. While proficient in knowledge-intensive domains, current AI systems have critical deficits in foundational cognitive machinery, particularly long-term memory storage. The resulting AGI scores (e.g., GPT-4 at 27%, GPT-5 at 57%) concretely quantify both rapid progress and the substantial gap remaining before AGI.

Scaling Multimodal Search and Recommendation with Small Language Models via Upside-Down Reinforcement Learning

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Yu-Chen Lin · Sanat Sharma · Hari Manikandan · Jayant Kumar · Tracy Holloway King · Jing Zheng
4 December 2025 at 13:00
arXiv:2502.09854v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: In this work, we investigate how small language models (SLMs) can be scaled to support multimodal search and recommendation use cases while remaining efficient enough for real-time, resource-constrained deployments. We present a framework that combines upside-down reinforcement learning with synthetic data distillation from a large language model (Llama-3) to train a 100M-parameter GPT-2 model for multitask prompt generation. Despite being up to 80 times smaller than state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs), our SLM achieves relevance and diversity scores within 6% of competitive baselines such as Llama-3 8B, Qwen3 8B, and Ministral 8B. These results demonstrate that SLMs can effectively handle multimodal search and recommendation tasks, while dramatically reducing inference latency and memory overhead. Our study highlights the potential of lightweight models as practical engines for scalable multimodal discovery, bridging the gap between cutting-edge research and real-world multimodal applications such as media recommendations and creative content generation.

Privacy is All You Need: Revolutionizing Wearable Health Data with Advanced PETs

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Karthik Barma
4 December 2025 at 13:00
arXiv:2503.03428v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: In a world where data is the new currency, wearable health devices offer unprecedented insights into daily life, continuously monitoring vital signs and metrics. However, this convenience raises privacy concerns, as these devices collect sensitive data that can be misused or breached. Traditional measures often fail due to real-time data processing needs and limited device power. Users also lack awareness and control over data sharing and usage. We propose a Privacy-Enhancing Technology (PET) framework for wearable devices, integrating federated learning, lightweight cryptographic methods, and selectively deployed blockchain technology. The blockchain acts as a secure ledger triggered only upon data transfer requests, granting users real-time notifications and control. By dismantling data monopolies, this approach returns data sovereignty to individuals. Through real-world applications like secure medical data sharing, privacy-preserving fitness tracking, and continuous health monitoring, our framework reduces privacy risks by up to 70 percent while preserving data utility and performance. This innovation sets a new benchmark for wearable privacy and can scale to broader IoT ecosystems, including smart homes and industry. As data continues to shape our digital landscape, our research underscores the critical need to maintain privacy and user control at the forefront of technological progress.

Challenges and Limitations of Generative AI in Synthesizing Wearable Sensor Data

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Flavio Di Martino · Franca Delmastro
4 December 2025 at 13:00
arXiv:2505.14206v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: The widespread adoption of wearable sensors has the potential to provide massive and heterogeneous time series data, driving the use of Artificial Intelligence in human sensing applications. However, data collection remains limited due to stringent ethical regulations, privacy concerns, and other constraints, hindering progress in the field. Synthetic data generation, particularly through Generative Adversarial Networks and Diffusion Models, has emerged as a promising solution to mitigate both data scarcity and privacy issues. However, these models are often limited to narrow operational scenarios, such as short-term and unimodal signal patterns. To address this gap, we present a systematic evaluation of state-of-the-art generative models for time series data, explicitly assessing their performance in challenging scenarios such as stress and emotion recognition. Our study examines the extent to which these models can jointly handle multi-modality, capture long-range dependencies, and support conditional generation-core requirements for real-world wearable sensor data generation. To enable a fair and rigorous comparison, we also introduce an evaluation framework that evaluates both the intrinsic fidelity of the generated data and their utility in downstream predictive tasks. Our findings reveal critical limitations in the existing approaches, particularly in maintaining cross-modal consistency, preserving temporal coherence, and ensuring robust performance in train-on-synthetic, test-on-real, and data augmentation scenarios. Finally, we present our future research directions to enhance synthetic time series generation and improve the applicability of generative models in the wearable computing domain.

Harnessing cuproptosis for pancreatic cancer therapy: From molecular insights to clinical prospects

✇(Multiomics OR Omics) AND (Pancreatic)
By: Ali Darzi · Siavash Boroumandi · Pouriya Khajegi · Mohammad Reza Dehdashti · Pedram Abdali · Mohammad Moein Amerinia · Fatemeh Kheirkhah · Mohammad Mahdi Ajalli · Mahla Shokouhfar
3 December 2025 at 19:00

Biomed Pharmacother. 2025 Dec 2;193:118852. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118852. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a high-fatality malignancy with limited clinical progress, characterized by aggressive biology, marked resistance to standard therapies, and dismal outcomes. Even with state-of-the-art resection, radiotherapy, and multidrug chemotherapy, median survival benefits are modest, highlighting an urgent need for mechanism-based interventions. Cuproptosis, a newly delineated modality of regulated cell death initiated by intracellular copper accumulation and mitochondrial stress, presents a biologically coherent therapeutic avenue. Distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, cuproptosis is driven by the direct binding of copper to lipoylated enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, resulting in bioenergetic failure, misfolded protein aggregation, and collapse of cytotoxic proteostasis. Converging studies suggest that copper disequilibrium and metabolic reprogramming are recurrent features of PC, potentially contributing to malignant progression, immune evasion, and chemoresistance. These insights motivate two complementary strategies: first, therapeutic manipulation of copper flux, via chelators, ionophores, or transport modulators, to selectively trigger cuproptosis in tumor cells; and second, sensitization of mitochondrial metabolism, through targeting lipoic-acid pathway components, pyruvate utilization, or TCA load, to lower the threshold for cuproptotic killing. In parallel, multi-omic interrogation of cuproptosis-associated genes, proteins, and metabolites may yield prognostic and predictive biomarkers, enabling risk-adapted treatment selection and rational combinations with cytotoxic, targeted, or immunotherapeutic modalities. This review synthesizes recent advances on cuproptosis in PC and outlines its translational potential as both a therapeutic target and a biomarker framework.

PMID:41337879 | DOI:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118852

Digital Biometrics in Predicting Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension: Decentralized, Prospective Cohort Study

✇Journal of Medical Internet Research
By: Natalia Orendain · Samantha Spierling Bagsic · Edward Ramos · Jay Pandit · Robert L Owens · Stuti Jaiswal
4 December 2025 at 04:30
Background: Sleep is an important component of human health and can be measured longitudinally using digital activity trackers. Further, decentralized digital research has the potential to provide a real-world picture of sleep in large populations. Objective: This study examined whether longitudinal sleep patterns from activity trackers could predict risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension, as defined the Berlin questionnaire and self report, respectively. Methods: We recruited adults ≥18 years nationwide to join our sleep-focused smartphone-based study, called the Research Framework for Exploring Sleep Health (REFRESH). Our sample of N= 391 adults is comprised predominately of females (68%; n = 247 out of 364) at a mean age of 48 years (standard deviation (SD) = 13.62). Participants were asked to fill out health-related surveys, including the Berlin questionnaire, and the Horne-Ostberg questionnaire for chronotype. Participants were asked to link their own activity tracker to the application to collect longitudinal sleep data. Results: We analyzed sleep data from 391 participants, among a predominately White (65%; n = 231 out of 353) followed by multiracial (17%; n = 61 out of 353) and Hispanic or Latino (6.5%; n = 23 out of 353) cohort. Collinearity testing showed that OSA risk and self-reported hypertension could be considered independently. Holding body mass index (BMI) at fixed value, the odds of having high OSA risk increased by 159% for every one-hour increase in weekday sleep variability (odds ratio (OR) = 2.592, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.613, 4.400]; P

Multi-omic profiling provides insights into the heterogeneity, microenvironmental features, and biomarker landscape of small-cell lung cancer

✇Omics In Lung
By: Mingchao Xie · Miljenka Vuko · Shashank Saran · Siyu Liu · Andrew G Chambers · Hana Baakza · Helen K Angell · Felicia Ng · Carl M Gay · Robert J Cardnell · Felix J Segerer · Alma Andoni · Jaime Rodriguez-Canales · Paul M Waring · Markus Schick · J Carl Barrett · Lauren A Byers · Giulia Fabbri
2 December 2025 at 19:00

Mol Cancer. 2025 Dec 2. doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02514-4. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Greater understanding of differential therapeutic sensitivity, specifically to immunotherapy, in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is required.

METHODS: We explored SCLC heterogeneity through integrated molecular characterization of tumor tissue samples from 159 treatment-naive patients, utilizing genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, and proteomic profiling, immunohistochemistry staining for multiple biologically relevant markers including transcriptional subtype-defining proteins, and spatial immune profiling using multiplex immunofluorescence.

RESULTS: Multi-omics analysis confirmed high heterogeneity across/within neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine subtypes. Methylomics analysis identified four methylome clusters that may enhance subtype prediction, prognosis, and longitudinal monitoring of subtype evolution. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed high MHC-I expression in non-neuroendocrine subtypes, which have greatest potential benefit from adding immunotherapy to chemotherapy; high DLL3 expression associated with neuroendocrine subtypes and an immune-cold tumor microenvironment. Multiplex immunofluorescence demonstrated associations of MHC-I with spatial arrangement and phenotypic features of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of high-MHC-I-expressing SCLC, providing mechanistic rationale for MHC-I as a potential biomarker of immunotherapy response.

CONCLUSIONS: This multimodal profiling analysis provides further insights into the biologic complexity of SCLC and highlights potential therapeutic vulnerabilities of distinct disease subtypes.

PMID:41331472 | DOI:10.1186/s12943-025-02514-4

Integrative Analysis of Multi-Omics Data for Biomarker Discovery

✇Omics in Hepatocellular
By: Rency S Varghese · Xinran Zhang · Sarada Giridharan · Hoi Yan Katharine Chau · Radhika Unnikrishnan · Md Mamunur Rashid · Muhammad Salman Sajid · Habtom W Ressom
3 December 2025 at 19:00

Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2025 Jul;2025:1-7. doi: 10.1109/EMBC58623.2025.11254134.

ABSTRACT

The complexity of biological systems and the limitations of analyzing individual omics studies for biomarker discovery have raised the need for a holistic approach by multi-omics integration. By integrating data from multiple layers, researchers can gain insights into the entire system rather than just individual components. Also, integrative analysis can help identify molecular signatures that are more accurate in predicting disease onset, progression, and response to treatment, leading to better-targeted therapies and personalized medicine. In this paper, we explored statistical and deep learning methods for integrative analysis of metabolomics, lipidomics, peptidomics, proteomics, and glycoproteomics data acquired by LC-MS/MS analysis of serum samples from 20 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases and 20 patients with liver cirrhosis (CIRR). The goal is to identify a panel of multi-omics features that distinguish HCC cases from cirrhotic controls. A pathway analysis using these features identified biological pathways such as LXR/RXR Activation and Acute Response signaling as significantly enriched in our multi-omics datasets.

PMID:41336317 | PMC:PMC12694951 | DOI:10.1109/EMBC58623.2025.11254134

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