Background: Digital therapeutics (DTx) for children and adolescents with mental health problems have been developed in the health care industry. Despite reports of side effects from DTx for children and adolescents, there have been no guidelines to address the prevention of DTx overdependence among young users. Objective: This study aimed to identify the requirements for guidelines to prevent DTx overdependence in children and adolescents and to develop and evaluate these guidelines. Methods: We conducted 2 phases. This study first involved a phase I survey to develop guidelines, including assessments of smartphone usage and mental health conditions. The second phase evaluated the guidelines’ effectiveness, reliability, necessity, and satisfaction using a visual analog scale through a randomized controlled trial. Participants—45 children and adolescents aged 9-16 years and 42 caregivers—were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Results: Phase I revealed that blocking mobile applications and notifications (mean 8.5, SD 1.8) and parental monitoring (mean 8.5, SD 2.1) were effective preventive features. Caregivers, children, and adolescents expressed concerns about the side effects and overdependence of DTx and decreased effects due to nonindividualized guidelines in subjective responses to the phase I survey. Based on these insights, personalized guidelines for phase II were developed, in which overall mean visual analog scale scores for guideline evaluation were higher in the experimental group, except for necessity among caregivers (mean 8.5, SD 1.3 versus mean 8.7, SD 1.2). Conclusions: Both caregivers and children and adolescents demonstrated the need for guidelines to prevent overdependence on DTx distinct from smartphone usage. Tailored guidelines may be acceptable for use in real-world therapeutic protocols. Guidelines to prevent overdependence on DTx in children and adolescents and to achieve a balance between their benefits and risks need to be established. Trial Registration: Clinical Research Information Service (CRiS) of the Republic of Korea KCT0008893; https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do?seq=25609

npj Digital Medicine, Published online: 26 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02277-8

A novel evaluation benchmark for medical LLMs illuminating safety and effectiveness in clinical domains