❌

Normal view

Received — 4 April 2026 ⏭

NED-Tree: Bridging the Semantic Gap with Nonlinear Element Decomposition Tree for LLM Nonlinear Optimization Modeling

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Zhijing Hu · Yufan Deng · Haoyang Liu · Changjun Fan
3 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2604.01588v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Automating the translation of Operations Research (OR) problems from natural language to executable models is a critical challenge. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in linear tasks, they suffer from severe performance degradation in real-world nonlinear scenarios due to semantic misalignment between mathematical formulations and solver codes, as well as unstable information extraction. In this study, we introduce NED-Tree, a systematic framework designed to bridge the semantic gap. NED-Tree employs (a) a sentence-by-sentence extraction strategy to ensure robust parameter mapping and traceability; and (b) a recursive tree-based structure that adaptively decomposes complex nonlinear terms into solver-compatible sub-elements. Additionally, we present NEXTOR, a novel benchmark specifically designed for complex nonlinear, extensive-constraint OR problems. Experiments across 10 benchmarks demonstrate that NED-Tree establishes a new state-of-the-art with 72.51% average accuracy, NED-Tree is the first framework that drives LLMs to resolve nonlinear modeling difficulties through element decomposition, achieving alignment between modeling semantics and code semantics. The NED-Tree framework and benchmark are accessible in the anonymous repository https://anonymous.4open.science/r/NORA-NEXTOR.

LiteInception: A Lightweight and Interpretable Deep Learning Framework for General Aviation Fault Diagnosis

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Zhihuan Wei · Xinhang Chen · Danyang Han · Yang Hu · Jie Liu · Xuewen Miao · Guijiang Li
3 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2604.01725v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: General aviation fault diagnosis and efficient maintenance are critical to flight safety; however, deploying deep learning models on resource-constrained edge devices poses dual challenges in computational capacity and interpretability. This paper proposes LiteInception--a lightweight interpretable fault diagnosis framework designed for edge deployment. The framework adopts a two-stage cascaded architecture aligned with standard maintenance workflows: Stage 1 performs high-recall fault detection, and Stage 2 conducts fine-grained fault classification on anomalous samples, thereby decoupling optimization objectives and enabling on-demand allocation of computational resources. For model compression, a multi-method fusion strategy based on mutual information, gradient analysis, and SE attention weights is proposed to reduce the input sensor channels from 23 to 15, and a 1+1 branch LiteInception architecture is introduced that compresses InceptionTime parameters by 70%, accelerates CPU inference by over 8x, with less than 3% F1 loss. Furthermore, knowledge distillation is introduced as a precision-recall regulation mechanism, enabling the same lightweight model to adapt to different scenarios--such as safety-critical and auxiliary diagnosis--by switching training strategies. Finally, a dual-layer interpretability framework integrating four attribution methods is constructed, providing traceable evidence chains of "which sensor x which time period." Experiments on the NGAFID dataset demonstrate a fault detection accuracy of 81.92% with 83.24% recall, and a fault identification accuracy of 77.00%, validating the framework's favorable balance among efficiency, accuracy, and interpretability.

World Action Verifier: Self-Improving World Models via Forward-Inverse Asymmetry

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Yuejiang Liu · Fan Feng · Lingjing Kong · Weifeng Lu · Jinzhou Tang · Kun Zhang · Kevin Murphy · Chelsea Finn · Yilun Du
3 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2604.01985v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: General-purpose world models promise scalable policy evaluation, optimization, and planning, yet achieving the required level of robustness remains challenging. Unlike policy learning, which primarily focuses on optimal actions, a world model must be reliable over a much broader range of suboptimal actions, which are often insufficiently covered by action-labeled interaction data. To address this challenge, we propose World Action Verifier (WAV), a framework that enables world models to identify their own prediction errors and self-improve. The key idea is to decompose action-conditioned state prediction into two factors -- state plausibility and action reachability -- and verify each separately. We show that these verification problems can be substantially easier than predicting future states due to two underlying asymmetries: the broader availability of action-free data and the lower dimensionality of action-relevant features. Leveraging these asymmetries, we augment a world model with (i) a diverse subgoal generator obtained from video corpora and (ii) a sparse inverse model that infers actions from a subset of state features. By enforcing cycle consistency among generated subgoals, inferred actions, and forward rollouts, WAV provides an effective verification mechanism in under-explored regimes, where existing methods typically fail. Across nine tasks spanning MiniGrid, RoboMimic, and ManiSkill, our method achieves 2x higher sample efficiency while improving downstream policy performance by 18%.

Unified Optimization of Source Weights and Transfer Quantities in Multi-Source Transfer Learning: An Asymptotic Framework

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Qingyue Zhang · Chang Chu · Haohao Fu · Tianren Peng · Yanru Wu · Guanbo Huang · Yang Li · Shao-Lun Huang
3 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2601.10779v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: In multi-source transfer learning, a key challenge lies in how to appropriately differentiate and utilize heterogeneous source tasks. However, existing multi-source methods typically focus on optimizing either the source weights or the amount of transferred samples, largely neglecting their joint consideration. In this work, we propose a theoretical framework, Unified Optimization of Weights and Quantities (UOWQ), that jointly determines the optimal source weights and transfer quantities for each source task. Specifically, the framework formulates multi-source transfer learning as a parameter estimation problem based on an asymptotic analysis of a Kullback--Leibler divergence--based generalization error measure, leading to two main theoretical findings: 1) using all available source samples is always optimal when the weights are properly adjusted; 2) the optimal source weights are characterized by a principled optimization problem whose structure explicitly incorporates the Fisher information, parameter discrepancy, parameter dimensionality, and transfer quantities. Building on the theoretical results, we further propose a practical algorithm for multi-source transfer learning, and extend it to multi-task learning settings where each task simultaneously serves as both a source and a target. Extensive experiments on real-world benchmarks, including DomainNet and Office-Home, demonstrate that UOWQ consistently outperforms strong baselines. The results validate both the theoretical predictions and the practical effectiveness of our framework.

Improving Ensemble Forecasts of Abnormally Deflecting Tropical Cyclones with Fused Atmosphere-Ocean-Terrain Data

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Qixiang Li · Yuan Zhou · Shuwei Huo · Chong Wang · Xiaofeng Li
3 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2603.29200v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Deep learning-based tropical cyclone (TC) forecasting methods have demonstrated significant potential and application advantages, as they feature much lower computational cost and faster operation speed than numerical weather prediction models. However, existing deep learning methods still have key limitations: they can only process a single type of sequential trajectory data or homogeneous meteorological variables, and fail to achieve accurate forecasting of abnormal deflected TCs. To address these challenges, we present two groundbreaking contributions. First, we have constructed a multimodal and multi-source dataset named AOT-TCs for TC forecasting in the Northwest Pacific basin. As the first dataset of its kind, it innovatively integrates heterogeneous variables from the atmosphere, ocean, and land, thus obtaining a comprehensive and information-rich meteorological dataset. Second, based on the AOT-TCs dataset, we propose a forecasting model that can handle both normal and abnormally deflected TCs. This is the first TC forecasting model to adopt an explicit atmosphere-ocean-terrain coupling architecture, enabling it to effectively capture complex interactions across physical domains. Extensive experiments on all TC cases in the Northwest Pacific from 2017 to 2024 show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance in TC forecasting: it not only significantly improves the forecasting accuracy of normal TCs but also breaks through the technical bottleneck in forecasting abnormally deflected TCs.

Integrated spatial transcriptomics and pan-cancer XGBoost modeling uncover spatial drivers of immune exclusion and predict immunotherapy response

✇(Multiomics OR Omics) AND (Lung OR gastric OR Hepatocellular)
By: Hongying Zhao · Wangyang Liu · Haotian Xu · Lu Wang · Zushun Chen · Yanwu Sun · Li Wang
2 April 2026 at 18:00

Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2026 Apr 2;75(4):131. doi: 10.1007/s00262-026-04374-3.

ABSTRACT

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, yet characterizing the spatial complexity of the tumor immune microenvironment remains a challenge. In this study, we established a comprehensive computational framework integrating multi-omics profiling across 27 cancer types to decode immune-related non-coding RNA regulatory networks. Moving beyond traditional bulk analysis, we utilized spatial transcriptomics to dissect the spatial localization of these regulators. We identified the SNHG6-BIRC5 axis as a critical driver of the "immune-cold" phenotype in lung adenocarcinoma. We provide visual evidence that this axis localizes to tumor nests and negatively correlates with T- cell infiltration, elucidating a mechanism of spatial immune exclusion. Validating the clinical relevance of these findings, genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screening data confirmed the functional essentiality of these targets for cancer cell survival. Furthermore, pharmacogenomic analysis revealed that high expression of this axis correlates with sensitivity to chemotherapy agents like Vinblastine, suggesting a potential stratification strategy for patients with immune-excluded tumors. To expand the clinical utility to immunotherapy prediction, we developed a pan-cancer XGBoost machine learning model incorporating 14 high-performance regulatory features. This model achieved robust performance in distinguishing immunotherapy responders from non-responders with an AUC of 0.771, outperforming traditional markers such as PD-L1. Collectively, this study highlights spatial determinants of immune exclusion and chemotherapy sensitivity- and presents a generalized machine- learning tool for precision immunotherapy stratification. The developed online resource is freely available to facilitate community-wide biomarker discovery.

PMID:41925746 | DOI:10.1007/s00262-026-04374-3

Integrated spatial transcriptomics and pan-cancer XGBoost modeling uncover spatial drivers of immune exclusion and predict immunotherapy response

✇Omics In Lung
By: Hongying Zhao · Wangyang Liu · Haotian Xu · Lu Wang · Zushun Chen · Yanwu Sun · Li Wang
2 April 2026 at 18:00

Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2026 Apr 2;75(4):131. doi: 10.1007/s00262-026-04374-3.

ABSTRACT

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, yet characterizing the spatial complexity of the tumor immune microenvironment remains a challenge. In this study, we established a comprehensive computational framework integrating multi-omics profiling across 27 cancer types to decode immune-related non-coding RNA regulatory networks. Moving beyond traditional bulk analysis, we utilized spatial transcriptomics to dissect the spatial localization of these regulators. We identified the SNHG6-BIRC5 axis as a critical driver of the "immune-cold" phenotype in lung adenocarcinoma. We provide visual evidence that this axis localizes to tumor nests and negatively correlates with T- cell infiltration, elucidating a mechanism of spatial immune exclusion. Validating the clinical relevance of these findings, genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screening data confirmed the functional essentiality of these targets for cancer cell survival. Furthermore, pharmacogenomic analysis revealed that high expression of this axis correlates with sensitivity to chemotherapy agents like Vinblastine, suggesting a potential stratification strategy for patients with immune-excluded tumors. To expand the clinical utility to immunotherapy prediction, we developed a pan-cancer XGBoost machine learning model incorporating 14 high-performance regulatory features. This model achieved robust performance in distinguishing immunotherapy responders from non-responders with an AUC of 0.771, outperforming traditional markers such as PD-L1. Collectively, this study highlights spatial determinants of immune exclusion and chemotherapy sensitivity- and presents a generalized machine- learning tool for precision immunotherapy stratification. The developed online resource is freely available to facilitate community-wide biomarker discovery.

PMID:41925746 | PMC:PMC13046951 | DOI:10.1007/s00262-026-04374-3

Excessive pyroptosis mediates the exacerbation of pneumonia caused by low-lethality influenza virus and secondary MRSA co-infection

✇Cell Death Discovery nature.com science feeds
By: Zi-Chen Tian · Yang Liu · Yi-Jun Niu · Xin Ai · Su-Ya Lao · Wei-Ming Xu · Xiao-Tong Lin · Cheng-Jie Xia · Zhi-Xuan Cai · Hai-Yan Zhu · Xun-Long Shi
2 April 2026 at 08:00

Cell Death Discovery, Published online: 02 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41420-026-03031-z

Excessive pyroptosis mediates the exacerbation of pneumonia caused by low-lethality influenza virus and secondary MRSA co-infection
Received — 2 April 2026 ⏭

PAR$^2$-RAG: Planned Active Retrieval and Reasoning for Multi-Hop Question Answering

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Xingyu Li · Rongguang Wang · Yuying Wang · Mengqing Guo · Chenyang Li · Tao Sheng · Sujith Ravi · Dan Roth
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2603.29085v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) remain brittle on multi-hop question answering (MHQA), where answering requires combining evidence across documents through retrieval and reasoning. Iterative retrieval systems can fail by locking onto an early low-recall trajectory and amplifying downstream errors, while planning-only approaches may produce static query sets that cannot adapt when intermediate evidence changes. We propose \textbf{Planned Active Retrieval and Reasoning RAG (PAR$^2$-RAG)}, a two-stage framework that separates \emph{coverage} from \emph{commitment}. PAR$^2$-RAG first performs breadth-first anchoring to build a high-recall evidence frontier, then applies depth-first refinement with evidence sufficiency control in an iterative loop. Across four MHQA benchmarks, PAR$^2$-RAG consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art baselines, compared with IRCoT, PAR$^2$-RAG achieves up to \textbf{23.5\%} higher accuracy, with retrieval gains of up to \textbf{10.5\%} in NDCG.

Predicting Neuromodulation Outcome for Parkinson's Disease with Generative Virtual Brain Model

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Siyuan Du · Siyi Li · Shuwei Bai · Ang Li · Haolin Li · Mingqing Xiao · Yang Pan · Dongsheng Li · Weidi Xie · Yanfeng Wang · Ya Zhang · Chencheng Zhang · Jiangchao Yao
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2603.29176v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) affects over ten million people worldwide. Although temporal interference (TI) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) are promising therapies, inter-individual variability limits empirical treatment selection, increasing non-negligible surgical risk and cost. Previous explorations either resort to limited statistical biomarkers that are insufficient to characterize variability, or employ AI-driven methods which is prone to overfitting and opacity. We bridge this gap with a pretraining-finetuning framework to predict outcomes directly from resting-state fMRI. Critically, a generative virtual brain foundation model, pretrained on a collective dataset (2707 subjects, 5621 sessions) to capture universal disorder patterns, was finetuned on PD cohorts receiving TI (n=51) or DBS (n=55) to yield individualized virtual brains with high fidelity to empirical functional connectivity (r=0.935). By constructing counterfactual estimations between pathological and healthy neural states within these personalized models, we predicted clinical responses (TI: AUPR=0.853; DBS: AUPR=0.915), substantially outperforming baselines. External and prospective validations (n=14, n=11) highlight the feasibility of clinical translation. Moreover, our framework provides state-dependent regional patterns linked to response, offering hypothesis-generating mechanistic insights.

Route-Induced Density and Stability (RIDE): Controlled Intervention and Mechanism Analysis of Routing-Style Meta Prompts on LLM Internal States

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Dianxing Zhang · Gang Li · Sheng Li
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2603.29206v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Routing is widely used to scale large language models, from Mixture-of-Experts gating to multi-model/tool selection. A common belief is that routing to a task ``expert'' activates sparser internal computation and thus yields more certain and stable outputs (the Sparsity--Certainty Hypothesis). We test this belief by injecting routing-style meta prompts as a textual proxy for routing signals in front of frozen instruction-tuned LLMs. We quantify (C1) internal density via activation sparsity, (C2) domain-keyword attention, and (C3) output stability via predictive entropy and semantic variation. On a RouterEval subset with three instruction-tuned models (Qwen3-8B, Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct, and Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2), meta prompts consistently densify early/middle-layer representations rather than increasing sparsity; natural-language expert instructions are often stronger than structured tags. Attention responses are heterogeneous: Qwen/Llama reduce keyword attention, while Mistral reinforces it. Finally, the densification--stability link is weak and appears only in Qwen, with near-zero correlations in Llama and Mistral. We present RIDE as a diagnostic probe for calibrating routing design and uncertainty estimation.

PSPA-Bench: A Personalized Benchmark for Smartphone GUI Agent

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Hongyi Nie · Xunyuan Liu · Yudong Bai · Yaqing Wang · Yang Liu · Quanming Yao · Zhen Wang
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2603.29318v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Smartphone GUI agents execute tasks by operating directly on app interfaces, offering a path to broad capability without deep system integration. However, real-world smartphone use is highly personalized: users adopt diverse workflows and preferences, challenging agents to deliver customized assistance rather than generic solutions. Existing GUI agent benchmarks cannot adequately capture this personalization dimension due to sparse user-specific data and the lack of fine-grained evaluation metrics. To address this gap, we present PSPA-Bench, the benchmark dedicated to evaluating personalization in smartphone GUI agents. PSPA-Bench comprises over 12,855 personalized instructions aligned with real-world user behaviors across 10 representative daily-use scenarios and 22 mobile apps, and introduces a structure-aware process evaluation method that measures agents' personalized capabilities at a fine-grained level. Through PSPA-Bench, we benchmark 11 state-of-the-art GUI agents. Results reveal that current methods perform poorly under personalized settings, with even the strongest agent achieving limited success. Our analysis further highlights three directions for advancing personalized GUI agents: (1) reasoning-oriented models consistently outperform general LLMs, (2) perception remains a simple yet critical capability, and (3) reflection and long-term memory mechanisms are key to improving adaptation. Together, these findings establish PSPA-Bench as a foundation for systematic study and future progress in personalized GUI agents.

Owl-AuraID 1.0: An Intelligent System for Autonomous Scientific Instrumentation and Scientific Data Analysis

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Han Deng · Anqi Zou · Hanling Zhang · Ben Fei · Chengyu Zhang · Haobo Wang · Xinru Guo · Zhenyu Li · Xuzhu Wang · Peng Yang · Fujian Zhang · Weiyu Guo · Xiaohong Shao · Zhaoyang Liu · Shixiang Tang · Zhihui Wang · Wanli Ouyang
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2603.29828v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Scientific discovery increasingly depends on high-throughput characterization, yet automation is hindered by proprietary GUIs and the limited generalizability of existing API-based systems. We present Owl-AuraID, a software-hardware collaborative embodied agent system that adopts a GUI-native paradigm to operate instruments through the same interfaces as human experts. Its skill-centric framework integrates Type-1 (GUI operation) and Type-2 (data analysis) skills into end-to-end workflows, connecting physical sample handling with scientific interpretation. Owl-AuraID demonstrates broad coverage across ten categories of precision instruments and diverse workflows, including multimodal spectral analysis, microscopic imaging, and crystallographic analysis, supporting modalities such as FTIR, NMR, AFM, and TGA. Overall, Owl-AuraID provides a practical, extensible foundation for autonomous laboratories and illustrates a path toward evolving laboratory intelligence through reusable operational and analytical skills. The code are available at https://github.com/OpenOwlab/AuraID.

ATP-Bench: Towards Agentic Tool Planning for MLLM Interleaved Generation

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Yinuo Liu · Zi Qian · Heng Zhou · Jiahao Zhang · Yajie Zhang · Zhihang Li · Mengyu Zhou · Erchao Zhao · Xiaoxi Jiang · Guanjun Jiang
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2603.29902v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Interleaved text-and-image generation represents a significant frontier for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), offering a more intuitive way to convey complex information. Current paradigms rely on either image generation or retrieval augmentation, yet they typically treat the two as mutually exclusive paths, failing to unify factuality with creativity. We argue that the next milestone in this field is Agentic Tool Planning, where the model serves as a central controller that autonomously determines when, where, and which tools to invoke to produce interleaved responses for visual-critical queries. To systematically evaluate this paradigm, we introduce ATP-Bench, a novel benchmark comprising 7,702 QA pairs (including 1,592 VQA pairs) across eight categories and 25 visual-critical intents, featuring human-verified queries and ground truths. Furthermore, to evaluate agentic planning independent of end-to-end execution and changing tool backends, we propose a Multi-Agent MLLM-as-a-Judge (MAM) system. MAM evaluates tool-call precision, identifies missed opportunities for tool use, and assesses overall response quality without requiring ground-truth references. Our extensive experiments on 10 state-of-the-art MLLMs reveal that models struggle with coherent interleaved planning and exhibit significant variations in tool-use behavior, highlighting substantial room for improvement and providing actionable guidance for advancing interleaved generation. Dataset and code are available at https://github.com/Qwen-Applications/ATP-Bench.

Improving Ensemble Forecasts of Abnormally Deflecting Tropical Cyclones with Fused Atmosphere-Ocean-Terrain Data

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Qixiang Li · Shuwei Huo · Chong Wang · Xiaofeng Li · Yuan Zhou
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2603.29200v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Deep learning-based tropical cyclone (TC) forecasting methods have demonstrated significant potential and application advantages, as they feature much lower computational cost and faster operation speed than numerical weather prediction models. However, existing deep learning methods still have key limitations: they can only process a single type of sequential trajectory data or homogeneous meteorological variables, and fail to achieve accurate forecasting of abnormal deflected TCs. To address these challenges, we present two groundbreaking contributions. First, we have constructed a multimodal and multi-source dataset named AOT-TCs for TC forecasting in the Northwest Pacific basin. As the first dataset of its kind, it innovatively integrates heterogeneous variables from the atmosphere, ocean, and land, thus obtaining a comprehensive and information-rich meteorological dataset. Second, based on the AOT-TCs dataset, we propose a forecasting model that can handle both normal and abnormally deflected TCs. This is the first TC forecasting model to adopt an explicit atmosphere-ocean-terrain coupling architecture, enabling it to effectively capture complex interactions across physical domains. Extensive experiments on all TC cases in the Northwest Pacific from 2017 to 2024 show that our model achieves state-of-the-art performance in TC forecasting: it not only significantly improves the forecasting accuracy of normal TCs but also breaks through the technical bottleneck in forecasting abnormally deflected TCs.

RAAP: Retrieval-Augmented Affordance Prediction with Cross-Image Action Alignment

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Qiyuan Zhuang · He-Yang Xu · Yijun Wang · Xin-Yang Zhao · Yang-Yang Li · Xiu-Shen Wei
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2603.29419v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Understanding object affordances is essential for enabling robots to perform purposeful and fine-grained interactions in diverse and unstructured environments. However, existing approaches either rely on retrieval, which is fragile due to sparsity and coverage gaps, or on large-scale models, which frequently mislocalize contact points and mispredict post-contact actions when applied to unseen categories, thereby hindering robust generalization. We introduce Retrieval-Augmented Affordance Prediction (RAAP), a framework that unifies affordance retrieval with alignment-based learning. By decoupling static contact localization and dynamic action direction, RAAP transfers contact points via dense correspondence and predicts action directions through a retrieval-augmented alignment model that consolidates multiple references with dual-weighted attention. Trained on compact subsets of DROID and HOI4D with as few as tens of samples per task, RAAP achieves consistent performance across unseen objects and categories, and enables zero-shot robotic manipulation in both simulation and the real world. Project website: https://github.com/SEU-VIPGroup/RAAP.

An Empirical Study of Multi-Agent Collaboration for Automated Research

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Yang Shen · Zhenyi Yi · Ziyi Zhao · Lijun Sun · Dongyang Li · Chin-Teng Lin · Yuhui Shi
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2603.29632v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: As AI agents evolve, the community is rapidly shifting from single Large Language Models (LLMs) to Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) to overcome cognitive bottlenecks in automated research. However, the optimal multi-agent coordination framework for these autonomous agents remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we present a systematic empirical study investigating the comparative efficacy of distinct multi-agent structures for automated machine learning optimization. Utilizing a rigorously controlled, execution-based testbed equipped with Git worktree isolation and explicit global memory, we benchmark a single-agent baseline against two multi-agent paradigms: a subagent architecture (parallel exploration with post-hoc consolidation) and an agent team architecture (experts with pre-execution handoffs). By evaluating these systems under strictly fixed computational time budgets, our findings reveal a fundamental trade-off between operational stability and theoretical deliberation. The subagent mode functions as a highly resilient, high-throughput search engine optimal for broad, shallow optimizations under strict time constraints. Conversely, the agent team topology exhibits higher operational fragility due to multi-author code generation but achieves the deep theoretical alignment necessary for complex architectural refactoring given extended compute budgets. These empirical insights provide actionable guidelines for designing future autoresearch systems, advocating for dynamically routed architectures that adapt their collaborative structures to real-time task complexity.

A Semi-amortized Lifted Learning-to-Optimize Masked (SALLO-M) Transformer Model for Scalable and Generalizable Beamforming

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Yubo Zhang · Xiao-Yang Liu · Xiaodong Wang
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2510.13077v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: We develop an unsupervised deep learning framework for real-time scalable and generalizable downlink beamforming in multi-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO) systems. The proposed semi-amortized lifted learning-to-optimize (SALLO) framework employs a multi-layer Transformer to iteratively refine an auxiliary variable and the beamformer solution, with a few projected gradient ascent steps at each layer. A key feature of our SALLO Transformer model is that it can handle varying numbers of users and antennas, enabled by a user-antenna dual tokenization and a structured sample/attention masking scheme, leading to generalization across different configurations without retraining. To improve convergence and robustness, we introduce three training strategies: (a) sliding-window training to stabilize gradient propagation, (b) curriculum learning with random masking to enable user-antenna configuration generalization and prevent poor early-stage convergence, and (c) sample replay to mitigate catastrophic forgetting during multi-stage training. Ablation studies validate several key architecture designs and show that the enhanced training scheme improves both generalizability and solution quality. Simulation results over both Gaussian and sparse channels show that the proposed scheme consistently outperforms existing deep learning baselines across diverse system configurations and channel conditions. The performance gain becomes more pronounced in overloaded regimes, highlighting improved robustness under challenging scenarios. Furthermore, our scheme surpasses the WMMSE benchmark in underloaded systems and even in overloaded systems when the overloading factor is below certain threshold. These gains are achieved with fast inference and a substantially more lightweight model than wireless foundation models.

VLA Models Are More Generalizable Than You Think: Revisiting Physical and Spatial Modeling

✇cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org
By: Weiqi Li · Quande Zhang · Ruifeng Zhai · Liang Lin · Guangrun Wang
1 April 2026 at 12:00
arXiv:2512.02902v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Vision-language-action (VLA) models achieve strong in-distribution performance but degrade sharply under novel camera viewpoints and visual perturbations. We show that this brittleness primarily arises from misalignment in Spatial Modeling, rather than Physical Modeling. To address this, we propose a one-shot adaptation framework that recalibrates visual representations through lightweight, learnable updates. Our first method, Feature Token Modulation (FTM), applies a global affine transformation to visual tokens and improves Libero viewpoint accuracy from 48.5% to 87.1% with only 4K parameters. Building on this, Feature Linear Adaptation (FLA) introduces low-rank updates to the ViT encoder, achieving 90.8% success with 4.7M parameters -- matching LoRA-scale finetuning at far lower cost. Together, these results reveal substantial untapped robustness in pretrained VLA models and demonstrate that targeted, minimal visual adaptation is sufficient to restore viewpoint generalization.
❌