arXiv:2604.01687v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Anthropic proposes the concept of skills for LLM agents to tackle multi-step professional tasks that simple tool invocations cannot address. A tool is a single, self-contained function, whereas a skill is a structured bundle of interdependent multi-file artifacts. Currently, skill generation is not only label-intensive due to manual authoring, but also may suffer from human--machine cognitive misalignment, which can lead to degraded agent performance, as evidenced by evaluations on SkillsBench. Therefore, we aim to enable agents to autonomously generate skills. However, existing self-evolving methods designed for tools cannot be directly applied to skills due to their increased complexity. To address these issues, we propose EvoSkills, a self-evolving skills framework that enables agents to autonomously construct complex, multi-file skill packages. Specifically, EvoSkills couples a Skill Generator that iteratively refines skills with a Surrogate Verifier that co-evolves to provide informative and actionable feedback without access to ground-truth test content. On SkillsBench, EvoSkills achieves the highest pass rate among five baselines on both Claude Code and Codex, and also exhibits strong generalization capabilities to six additional LLMs.

arXiv:2604.00931v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Existing methods for AI psychological counselors predominantly rely on supervised fine-tuning using static dialogue datasets. However, this contrasts with human experts, who continuously refine their proficiency through clinical practice and accumulated experience. To bridge this gap, we propose an Experience-Driven Lifelong Learning Agent (\texttt{PsychAgent}) for psychological counseling. First, we establish a Memory-Augmented Planning Engine tailored for longitudinal multi-session interactions, which ensures therapeutic continuity through persistent memory and strategic planning. Second, to support self-evolution, we design a Skill Evolution Engine that extracts new practice-grounded skills from historical counseling trajectories. Finally, we introduce a Reinforced Internalization Engine that integrates the evolved skills into the model via rejection fine-tuning, aiming to improve performance across diverse scenarios. Comparative analysis shows that our approach achieves higher scores than strong general LLMs (e.g., GPT-5.4, Gemini-3) and domain-specific baselines across all reported evaluation dimensions. These results suggest that lifelong learning can improve the consistency and overall quality of multi-session counseling responses.

Science, Ahead of Print.

arXiv:2509.22097v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Large language model-powered code agents are rapidly transforming software engineering, yet the security risks of their generated code have become a critical concern. Existing benchmarks have provided valuable insights, but they fail to capture scenarios in which vulnerabilities are actually introduced by human developers, making fair comparisons between humans and agents infeasible. We therefore introduce SecureVibeBench, a benchmark of 105 C/C++ secure coding tasks sourced from 41 projects in OSS-Fuzz for code agents. SecureVibeBench has the following features: (i) realistic task settings that require multi-file edits in large repositories, (ii)~aligned contexts based on real-world open-source vulnerabilities with precisely identified vulnerability introduction points, and (iii) comprehensive evaluation that combines functionality testing and security checking with both static and dynamic oracles. We evaluate 5 popular code agents like OpenHands, supported by 5 LLMs (e.g., Claude sonnet 4.5) on SecureVibeBench. Results show that current agents struggle to produce both correct and secure code, as even the best-performing one, produces merely 23.8\% correct and secure solutions on SecureVibeBench.

arXiv:2603.21825v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Evaluating badminton performance often requires expert coaching, which is rarely accessible for amateur players. We present BadminSense, a smartwatch-based system for fine-grained badminton performance analysis using wearable sensing. Through interviews with experienced badminton players, we identified four system design requirements with three implementation insights that guide the development of BadminSense. We then collected a badminton strokes dataset on 12 experienced badminton amateurs and annotated it with fine-grained labels, including stroke type, expert-assessed stroke rating, and shuttle impact location. Built on this dataset, BadminSense segments and classifies strokes, predicts stroke quality, and estimates shuttle impact location using vibration signal from an off-the-shelf smartwatch. Our evaluations show that BadminSense achieves a stroke classification accuracy of 91.43%, an average quality rating error of 0.438, and an average impact location estimation error of 12.9%. A real-world usability study further demonstrates BadminSense's potential to provide reliable and meaningful support for daily badminton practice.

arXiv:2603.13224v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Vision-to-code tasks require models to reconstruct structured visual inputs, such as charts, tables, and SVGs, into executable or structured representations with high visual fidelity. While recent Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) achieve strong results via supervised fine-tuning, reinforcement learning remains challenging due to misaligned reward signals. Existing rewards either rely on textual rules or coarse visual embedding similarity, both of which fail to capture fine-grained visual discrepancies and are vulnerable to reward hacking. We propose Visual Equivalence Reward Model (Visual-ERM), a multimodal generative reward model that provides fine-grained, interpretable, and task-agnostic feedback to evaluate vision-to-code quality directly in the rendered visual space. Integrated into RL, Visual-ERM improves Qwen3-VL-8B-Instruct by +8.4 on chart-to-code and yields consistent gains on table and SVG parsing (+2.7, +4.1 on average), and further strengthens test-time scaling via reflection and revision. We also introduce VisualCritic-RewardBench (VC-RewardBench), a benchmark for judging fine-grained image-to-image discrepancies on structured visual data, where Visual-ERM at 8B decisively outperforms Qwen3-VL-235B-Instruct and approaches leading closed-source models. Our results suggest that fine-grained visual reward supervision is both necessary and sufficient for vision-to-code RL, regardless of task specificity.

arXiv:2603.07107v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Generative models offer a promising paradigm for the final stage reranking in multi-stage recommender systems, with the ability to capture inter-item dependencies within reranked lists. However, their practical deployment still faces two key challenges: (1) an inherent conflict between achieving high generation quality and ensuring low-latency inference, making it difficult to balance the two, and (2) insufficient interaction between user and item features in existing methods. To address these challenges, we propose a novel Personalized Semi-Autoregressive with online knowledge Distillation (PSAD) framework for reranking. In this framework, the teacher model adopts a semi-autoregressive generator to balance generation quality and efficiency, while its ranking knowledge is distilled online into a lightweight scoring network during joint training, enabling real-time and efficient inference. Furthermore, we propose a User Profile Network (UPN) that injects user intent and models interest dynamics, enabling deeper interactions between users and items. Extensive experiments conducted on three large-scale public datasets demonstrate that PSAD significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in both ranking performance and inference efficiency.

arXiv:2411.11707v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: By adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to domain-specific tasks or enriching them with domain-specific knowledge, we can fully harness the capabilities of LLMs. Nonetheless, a gap persists in achieving simultaneous mutual enhancement between the server's LLM and the downstream clients' Small Language Models (SLMs). To address this, we propose FedCoLLM, a novel and parameter-efficient federated framework designed for co-tuning LLMs and SLMs. This approach is aimed at adaptively transferring server-side LLMs knowledge to clients' SLMs while simultaneously enriching the LLMs with domain insights from the clients. To accomplish this, FedCoLLM utilizes lightweight adapters in conjunction with SLMs, facilitating knowledge exchange between server and clients in a manner that respects data privacy while also minimizing computational and communication overhead. Our evaluation of FedCoLLM, utilizing various public LLMs and SLMs across a range of NLP text generation tasks, reveals that the performance of clients' SLMs experiences notable improvements with the assistance of the LLMs. Simultaneously, the LLMs enhanced via FedCoLLM achieves comparable performance to that obtained through direct fine-tuning on clients' data. Our code has been contributed to the FATE open-source project and is now publicly accessible at https://github.com/FederatedAI/FATE-LLM/tree/main/python/fate_llm/algo/fedcollm.