Every year, MIT Technology Review puts together a list of some of the brightest and best young minds working across science and technology. Our 35 Innovators Under 35 are the ones to watch—people whose research and technical work stands to shape the future of their fields.

This year, the list includes nine people who are transforming biotech. And this week, I’m going to give you a taste of some of the very cool stuff five of them are working on, which includes lifesaving innovations and groundbreaking “age reversal” tech.  

1. Preventing maternal deaths

Let’s start with Paschal Kija, a 28-year-old who has developed a device to treat postpartum hemorrhage—a dangerous birth complication that contributes to around 29% of maternal deaths in his home country, Tanzania. The Mkanda Salama (“Safe Wrap” in Swahili) is easy to use and costs just $70. A study found that it stopped postpartum bleeding in 73% of women within 20 minutes.

2. Making brain electrodes inspired by Japanese art

For decades, scientists have been developing, testing, and implanting brain electrodes. These devices are literally inserted into people’s brains, so while they can help us understand brain activity and treat various neurological disorders, it’s not totally surprising that they can also cause a bit of damage. Xiao Yang, 34, is working on ultra-small electrodes, which she hopes will have less of an impact on surrounding brain tissue. Her electrodes are flexible, too—in fact, they look a lot like actual neurons.

Yang is also creating sheets of electrodes to study brain cells in the lab. Inspired by kirigami—the traditional Japanese art of cutting paper to form three-dimensional shapes—she’s created a sheet of electrodes with a honeycombed structure shaped like a spiral basket. And she’s already using it to study brain cells.

3. Developing an all-new treatment for baby KJ

In 2024, Kyle “KJ” Muldoon Jr. was born with a rare and potentially fatal genetic disorder. Sarah Grandinette was a member of a team that developed an entirely new, personalized treatment for him—a gene-editing therapy essentially designed to correct a genetic misspelling.

Grandinette, who is now 26, created cells with KJ’s genetic variant and used them to screen gene-editing approaches; then she tested potential medicines in mice and monkeys. KJ ultimately got his first dose of the resulting treatment when he was about seven months old. He responded well and was eventually discharged from hospital. He’s “doing pretty great,” she says.

4. Reversing the aging process to treat eye disease

The buzziest tech in longevity right now centers on reprogramming—attempts to rewind the age of cells by resetting them to a more embryonic-like state. In a study published in 2020, Yuancheng (Ryan) Lu (now 34) and his colleagues showed that a reprogramming therapy reversed vision loss in aged, blind mice. Now an almost identical version of that therapy is being tested in people with eye disease. Life Biosciences, the company developing the drug, dosed its first volunteer in June.

5. Using AI to design new viruses

Last year, Samuel King used a generative AI model to come up with new genetic blueprints for bacteriophages—teeny viruses that can infect bacteria. Once he had those blueprints, he printed them out as strands of DNA. In experiments, he found that those AI-designed viruses could create new copies of themselves, burst out of bacterial cells, and infect other nearby bacteria. Viruses aren’t alive, but King, 27, hopes that AI-designed life forms might one day be used to make drugs or soak up pollution.

You can read more about these innovators, and the others on the biotech list, here.

This article first appeared in The Checkup, MIT Technology Review’s weekly biotech newsletter. To receive it in your inbox every Thursday, and read articles like this first, sign up here.

The entrance of major AI companies into healthcare is a meaningful and welcome development, accelerating the technical foundation available to the industry.

Their models are increasingly capable of processing long clinical records, interpreting complex terminology, comparing documentation against evidence and generating coherent summaries from large volumes of information. For clinicians, operators, and administrative teams who spend significant time searching through fragmented data, these advances are helping reduce cognitive burden and make high-value information easier to access.

But healthcare leaders should not confuse model capability with operational capability.

Healthcare’s administrative challenges are caused by fragmented information, fragmented workflows, and fragmented accountability, not a lack of information. The industry has spent decades investing in systems that capture activity: electronic health records, billing platforms, payer portals, scheduling systems, call center platforms, and analytics applications. Each system records something important. But few were designed to reason across the full chain of decisions that determines whether patients get timely access, clinicians have the right documentation and providers are reimbursed appropriately.

This is the problem that AI must now confront.

Revenue cycle is becoming one of healthcare AI’s proving grounds

The revenue cycle is the process healthcare providers use to get paid for care — from scheduling and registration through coding, billing, payer follow-up, and payment collection.

It is unusually suited to rigorous AI deployment because it combines high transaction volume, complex reasoning, structured and unstructured data, measurable outcomes, and significant operational variation. It also sits at the intersection of financial performance, patient access, and administrative workload.

A single claim can be influenced by patient insurance information, clinical documentation, coding rules, payer-specific policies, prior authorization requirements, medical necessity criteria, and many other data sources and operational processes. A breakdown in any one of those areas can create downstream consequences weeks or months later.

This is why generic automation has often fallen short.

Traditional robotic process automation works well when workflows are stable and rules are predictable, but healthcare administration is neither. Payer requirements change. Documentation expectations evolve. Exceptions are common and often material.

Large language models improve part of the equation, extracting meaning from narrative text, summarizing records and supporting reasoning over complex documentation. But when used alone, they inherit important limitations. They may produce plausible outputs without sufficient traceability. They may lack awareness of local workflow constraints. They may miss payer-specific history or context that determines whether an action is likely to change an outcome.

Why foundation models will become necessary but insufficient

The major AI firms are solving real technical problems for healthcare.

Better context windows make it easier to process longitudinal records. Stronger reasoning improves the interpretation of complex clinical scenarios. Better multimodal capabilities may eventually help connect text, imaging, structured data, and clinical signals in more useful ways. Safer model behavior and healthcare-specific tuning will continue to improve adoption.

These capabilities will make healthcare work faster, more consistent and easier to navigate. But they will not, on their own, solve deep-rooted administrative complexity.

Much of healthcare’s operational knowledge does not live in general medical literature, coding manuals, or public payer guidance. It lives in the accumulated experience of what actually happens after decisions are made. For example:

• Why does one appeal strategy outperform another?
• Which documentation gaps are most likely to cause reimbursement delay?
• How does a specific payer respond to a particular clinical argument?

These insights are behavioral, operational, and longitudinal. They emerge from years of transactions, outcomes, exceptions, and human judgment.

As foundation models become more capable, access to baseline healthcare knowledge will become less differentiating. Most leading systems will be able to interpret ICD-10 codes, recognize medical terminology, summarize payer policies, and reason over public clinical criteria. The durable advantage will come from how organizations combine that model intelligence with proprietary operational data, structured knowledge, workflow context, and governance.

The technical shift: From automation to orchestration

Agentic orchestration turns foundation model understanding into coordinated action — intelligence that can follow work across systems, apply the right rules, adapt when something changes, and keep learning from what happens next.

A prior authorization workflow, for example, may require retrieving clinical documentation through fast healthcare interoperability resources (FHIR) APIs, mapping patient history to payer criteria, identifying missing evidence, generating a submission packet, routing exceptions to a specialist, monitoring payer response, adjusting patient care pathways, and learning from the outcome.

This type of workflow requires coordination. It also requires guardrails: regulatory requirements, privacy standards, clinical policies, coding rules, payer criteria, and organizational risk thresholds. One promising approach is hybrid architecture that combines LLMs with structured knowledge bases, symbolic logic, reinforcement learning, and deterministic validation layers.

At Ensemble, this is the design principle behind EIQ, our revenue cycle intelligence engine. EIQ brings together operational activity, clinical documentation, payer behavior, and reimbursement outcomes into a continuously learning intelligence layer that’s integrated with the hospital’s electronic health record (EHR). It supplements the system of record with a system of intelligence, designed to connect information and surface actions most likely to improve outcomes.

EIQ uses a neuro-symbolic approach that combines LLMs and custom small language models with rules-based reasoning. That architecture is built on one of the most robust datasets in healthcare, informed by more than a decade of award-winning operational performance, transaction history, payer behavior, and operator decision-making. The language models help interpret information and generate human-readable outputs. The symbolic layer represents policies, rules, payer requirements, and workflow constraints so the system can apply guardrails, make reasoning steps more traceable and recommend actions that fit the specific operational context.

What the next decade will reward

The contribution of major AI firms to healthcare will be significant. Their models will become faster, safer, more capable, and more accessible.

But the next decade of healthcare AI will be defined by integration, not model capability alone.

The organizations that create the most value will be those that connect models to governed data, operational workflows, domain expertise, human oversight, and measurable outcomes. They will understand that healthcare intelligence cannot live in a separate interface. It has to exist inside the decisions that shape access, documentation reimbursement, and patient experience.

This content was produced by Ensemble. It was not written by MIT Technology Review’s editorial staff.

NEW YORK — The two measles-related deaths in Pennsylvania last month involved infants, and the virus itself caused one of the deaths, a Pennsylvania coroner confirmed Wednesday.

Lancaster County’s coroner, Dr. Stephen Diamantoni, said he told the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of his conclusions. CDC officials, however, have not said whether they will count either death as measles-associated, and the agency’s website still carries a disclaimer about them.

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Good morning. I didn’t have space to mention it yesterday, but can you believe Nathan Fielder made an Elizabeth Holmes documentary? Variety called it shameless and fascinating. I may need to see for myself. 

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Residue and stains plastered on production walls, floors, and manufacturing equipment. Corrosion on a product line. An employee wearing open-toed sandals.

These were among the unsanitary conditions found last April by a Food and Drug Administration inspector during a visit to Shoolin Pharma in Gujarat, India, where the company makes active pharmaceutical ingredients for more than a dozen medicines, including erectile dysfunction and anti-convulsant pills, that are sold to compounding pharmacies in the U.S., according to the agency.

The concerns about filth and possible contamination in the production and packaging areas — as well as incomplete laboratory testing records — prompted the agency last month to halt all product shipments by the company into the U.S., the FDA disclosed in an Aug. 18 warning letter that was posted on the FDA web site last week.

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House Republicans canceled the last two weeks of their session in September, which means House lawmakers will have gotten at least 15 weeks off between Memorial Day and the midterms on Nov. 3. Send news tips and PTO requests to John.Wilkerson@statnews.com or John_Wilkerson.07 on Signal.

House Democrats’ agenda takes shape

In the week that the House was in town, a fuzzy outline of the health care agenda that Democrats are considering should they win back the House started to take form.

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Good morning. An exciting post-Labor Day announcement: While STAT’s Lev Facher is away on a Knight-Wallace Fellowship, I’ll be covering the addiction beat for him! My first story published last week. Send me news tips and story ideas to tackle over the next eight months: theresa.gaffney@statnews.com 

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Yuancheng (Ryan) Lu is obsessed with aging. And with eyes. As he steps outside the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, his aviator glasses darken automatically in the sun. Age-related blindness runs in his family. A great-aunt in China, the story goes, was killed crossing a road because she couldn’t see oncoming traffic. And Lu’s own 23andMe test came back with a mutation for macular degeneration, a top cause of vision loss in old age. Exposure to bright sunlight is another risk factor—thus the shades. “They protect me,” he says. “Plus, they look cool.”

Lu, 34, works on gene therapies to prevent age-related vision loss. “I think the eye is a really unique system to study aging and rejuvenation,” he says. “I could give a whole presentation.” Pushing up my reading glasses, I lean in to listen.

Lu is behind one of the coolest results in rejuvenation science—and in eye research. In 2018, while earning his PhD at Harvard Medical School, he used an age-reversal technique called reprogramming to repair the optic nerves of mice. He crushed the nerves, blinding the animals, and then injected the cells with a gene therapy meant to restore them to a youthful state. Sixteen days later, the nerves were growing back, their axons showing up through a microscope as spidery orange filaments.

As hype around age reversal swirls, Lu has been busy in the lab searching for what he calls “the next generation of rejuvenation therapies.”

The head of that lab, the longevity scientist David Sinclair, remembers when Lu texted him the pictures: “He asked me, ‘What do you see here?’ And I said, ‘I see the future.’” Later tests carried out in a box with rotating bars of light showed the mice were tracking the changes. They could see again.

This year, nearly the exact genetic therapy Lu created for mice entered human clinical trials. On June 9, the startup Life Biosciences, which Sinclair cofounded and in which Lu owns a small stake, announced it had injected the treatment into the eye of a person with glaucoma. The trial has been big news. A headline in the New York Times suggested the technology could “change humanity.” Posters on X gushed, with one declaring that “the fountain of youth is here.”

“It’s remarkable that what he developed as a student is now going into humans,” says Sinclair of the treatment, now called ER-100. “It’s barely even changed since he built it.”

Reprogramming refers to an age-­restoring process that takes place inside an embryo. It’s why babies are born young, not old: The DNA they’ve inherited from their parents has been scrubbed and reset. In 2006, Japanese researchers showed they could cause the process to occur in the lab by introducing just four key genes, known by the acronym OSKM. Add these to a cell from a 100-year-old and it will turn into a stem cell that acts as if it was plucked from an embryo.

That’s powerful stuff. But we don’t want to turn people into blobs of stem-cell protoplasm. Lu figured out a way to control the effect. He trimmed the list of genes to just OSK—leaving out M, for Myc, the one most likely to cause dangerous changes like cancer. His extra flash of insight was that reprogramming could be tested on the optic nerve; the eye is particularly accessible.

Lu’s result, published in Nature in 2020, helped set off an investment rush. Since then, US tech billionaires have placed huge bets on private companies like Altos Labs and NewLimit to explore reprogramming and anti-aging medicine. The day I spoke with Lu, he’d spent the morning meeting with the business magnate Zhong Shanshan, one of China’s richest people.  

Still, as hype around age reversal swirls, Lu has been notably absent from the public conversation. He’s been busy in the lab searching for what he calls “the next generation of rejuvenation therapies.” With a sigh, Lu describes the grueling effort over the last six years to understand what OSK really does. The treatment remains toxic to many cell types, and he says it’s becoming obvious that different factors drive aging in each kind. This year, for example, he identified a gene responsible for protecting the retina from damage by free radicals—the main cause of age-­related macular degeneration.

While Sinclair, his former boss, believes humans could live to be 200, Lu disagrees. There’s just too much that goes wrong as we age. His work with OSK, he says, was more a proof of concept than a silver bullet. But it did change the conversation. “Six years ago, you couldn’t talk about rejuvenation. We didn’t use that word—there was pushback,” Lu tells me. “But I think people have accepted the concept that you can really reverse molecular age.” 

WASHINGTON — President Donald Trump had another medical exam on Tuesday, putting his health under renewed public scrutiny as he has worked to dismiss concerns over his age and stamina.

The 79-year-old president spent more than three hours at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center for what the White House described as preventive medical and dental checkups. It was Trump’s fourth publicly disclosed medical exam since he returned to office for a second term, and it comes as he tries to project strength ahead of midterm elections that will test his sway with voters.

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Good morning. Here’s the news you need to know after the long weekend. 

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Eli Lilly said Tuesday it would buy three early- and mid-stage vaccine developers, a boost for the field. 

The deals — which together could cost up to nearly $4 billion — are the latest acquisitions from Lilly, a company rich with cash from its booming GLP-1 business. In recent months, it’s picked up companies working on cancer, autoimmune diseases, and sleep disorders, all for under $10 billion each. 

The companies being bought are Curevo, LimmaTech Biologics, and Vaccine Company. 

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The World Health Organization has declared a new public health emergency. Bundibugyo, an Ebola strain for which we have no vaccine and no treatment, is now spreading across the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. So far, there have been more than 900 suspected cases and about 220 suspected deaths, according to the World Health Organization. Centered in a region with active conflict and fragile health systems, the outbreak has already crossed the borders into Uganda.

Public health advocates will spend the next several months talking about transmission, case fatality, contact tracing, and vaccine development. But one critical topic will go largely undiscussed: what this outbreak will do to women and girls.

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On Sunday, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared an Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda to be a public health emergency. This outbreak is deadly, with hundreds of cases across at least two countries, including, by report, one American who was working in the area.

At the same time, a cluster of hantavirus cases linked to a Dutch cruise ship in the South Atlantic has killed three and exposed hundreds more.

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Below is a lightly edited, AI-generated transcript of the “First Opinion Podcast” interview with Patricia Bencivenga and Adriane Fugh-Berman. Be sure to sign up for the weekly “First Opinion Podcast” on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you get your podcasts. Get alerts about each new episode by signing up for the “First Opinion Podcast” newsletter. And don’t forget to sign up for the First Opinion newsletter, delivered every Sunday.

Torie Bosch: Brain fog and weight gain and hair loss and insomnia — those are the calling cards of perimenopause. At least that’s what the new perimenopause awareness movement claims. But what’s real and what’s just social media misinformation?

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Hospitals and other providers are bracing for an end to the extra money they’ve gotten for treating Medicaid patients, one of the many cuts contained in Republicans’ sweeping 2025 tax law.

But the Trump administration disclosed this week that it plans to take the cuts to state directed payments even further, setting up what’s likely to be a showdown with provider groups. 

Since 2024, some hospitals, doctors, nursing homes, and other types of providers have been reimbursed for Medicaid services at much higher commercial rates, thanks to a Biden-era change. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act, passed in July, directs the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to gradually trim those payments beginning in 2028 until they’re close to or on par with Medicare rates. 

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Good morning and happy Friday. I hope you’ve got great long weekend plans ahead. But first, scroll down to read about a Senate hearing on the NIH, a Supreme Court death penalty decision, and two related items on confusion around STIs. 

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This Sunday, a group of 42 athletes will gather in Las Vegas to compete in a somewhat unusual sporting competition. Participants in the inaugural Enhanced Games are being encouraged to take performance-enhancing drugs. The goal is to “push the boundaries of human performance.”

The games’ organizers have said that competitors will only be taking substances that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and that they are all being medically monitored and supervised. But they have also said they expect to see world records broken—and are offering substantial prizes to athletes who succeed in doing so.

As you might expect, the event is generating a mix of curiosity, excitement, and condemnation from various quarters. To me, it feels like very much a reflection of where we are today—an era of peptide-crazed looksmaxxing in which consumers are being encouraged to get thinner than ever, optimize for longevity, and have their “best baby.” It’s 2026, and if you’re not enhancing, what are you even doing?

So, these games. They’ll feature competitions in four categories: swimming, track and field, weightlifting, and strongman (which also involves lifting weights). Many of the competitors already hold national and world records, and some are Olympic medalists. They’ve been paid a salary and will compete for prizes from a $25 million pot. The money has been a major draw for at least some of the athletes.

Another draw is the opportunity to openly experiment with drugs that might boost their performance. In the world of elite sport, every microsecond and every millimeter counts. Athletes—most of whom arguably have genetics on their side already—follow meticulous diet, training, and recovery protocols and wear specially designed gear that allows them to reach for those performance bests.

But within most sporting communities, there are limits. The World Anti-Doping Agency—an international outfit that fights the use of drugs in sports—maintains a lengthy list of “non-approved substances” that are banned in international sporting events. It features many anabolic steroids (which can build muscle), hormones (such as those that stimulate testosterone production or increase the ability of blood to carry oxygen), growth factors (which can stimulate muscle growth and repair, among other things), and more.

Some of these substances have been FDA approved to treat health disorders. And that means they can be used by participants in the Enhanced Games, according to the organization’s rules.

I’ll briefly point out the obvious here—just because a drug has been approved by the FDA doesn’t mean it’s totally safe for everyone and anyone. The risks associated with use of anabolic steroids, for example, include high blood pressure, acne, depression, and liver tumors. Growth hormone use can cause weak muscles, affect vision, and even lead to diabetes.

“Technological doping,” or using improved equipment to gain advantage, has also been supported by the games’ organizers. Last year, participating swimmer Kristian Gkolomeev was reported to have broken a record in a 50-meter freestyle time trial while wearing a polyurethane “super” swimsuit. Such suits have been banned for use in the Olympics since a slew of record-breaking performances in 2008 and 2009. Back then, the swimming governing body ruled that they gave athletes an unfair advantage. But hey, this is the Enhanced Games, where the word “unfair” seems to have a completely different meaning.

Can we expect more records to be broken on Sunday? Maybe. In addition to prize money for winning an event, any athlete who manages to beat a record stands to win up to $1 million, the sum also awarded to Gkolomeev last year following his time trial. But those performances won’t be recognized by official sporting bodies.

Plenty of concerns have been raised about these games. Some argue that they are unsafe and promote risky drug use. Others see them as a “clown show,” and a slap in the face to “clean” athletes who train hard without the use of prohibited drugs. World Athletics president Sebastian Coe has said that anyone who takes part is “moronic,” and World Aquatics, which oversees international competitions in water sports, has banned Enhanced Games participants from its events and activities.

But. The games—and the participating athletes—will still get a huge amount of attention. As a result, so will performance-enhancing drugs. Enhanced, the company behind the games, also runs an online store. There, you can buy a $52 T-shirt emblazoned with the message “I am Enhanced.”

There is also a range of prescription drugs on offer, including peptides “to support recovery, vitality, and longevity.” One of these is a growth hormone that the FDA approved in 1997 for the treatment of children with “growth failure.” The compounded version offered on the Enhanced website, which is not FDA approved, is marketed for longevity, supporting deep sleep and “overall wellness and vitality.” (“Marketed” is the key word here. The drug has, again, not been approved for that purpose.)

It all fits very well with the zeitgeist. Sure, we don’t yet have any drugs that are designed to extend human lifespan. But the search for anti-aging drugs is getting more attention—and funding—than ever. People, particularly women, are seemingly not allowed to visibly age anymore—we have filters and facelifts for that now. The idea that “death is wrong” is gaining acceptance.

And self-experimentation is rife. “Biohacking” was shortlisted for Collins Dictionary’s Word of the Year in 2025. Peptides are everywhere, despite all the unknowns surrounding their safety and effectiveness. So are longevity clinics, despite the fact that most are selling unproven treatments. US states like Montana are making it easier for people to get hold of unapproved “therapies.”

Companies are even offering would-be parents the option to choose the potential future children expected to live longest. Yep—you can supposedly optimize your embryos now, too.

In this climate, the Enhanced Games don’t feel so radical. They feel entirely fitting for our era of questionable optimization despite the risks —an era when, apparently, being human is no longer enough.

With thousands of illegal e-cigarettes for sale in the U.S., both the Trump and Biden administrations have vowed to crack down on the illicit fruit- and candy-flavored vapes that hold particular appeal to minors. But a new government report suggests law enforcement efforts by the Department of Justice lag far behind the scope of the problem. 

Most DOJ enforcement actions between fiscal year 2022 and fiscal year 2025 — 50 out of a total of 88 — were to add the names of remote e-cigarette sellers to a list of unauthorized businesses, according to the report from the Government Accountability Office. The second-most common type of enforcement actions (20 out of 88) noted in the report were injunctions to stop legal violations. 

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