arXiv:2509.12194v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Differential diagnosis is an iterative process that integrates patient information with broader medical knowledge. Clinical case series such as the NEJM Clinicopathologic Conferences (CPCs), published continuously since 1923, feature expert physicians who demonstrate diagnostic reasoning to peers, and have been used for decades to evaluate AI. However, prior AI evaluations have largely focused on final diagnostic accuracy rather than nuanced clinical reasoning. Here, we introduce Dr. CaBot, an agentic AI system that emulates an expert diagnostician by generating written and narrated slide-based presentations from an initial case description alone. CaBot recently generated the first AI diagnosis published in the 100+ year history of the NEJM CPCs. In blinded evaluations, physicians misclassified the source of the differential (CaBot vs. physician-written) in 46/62 (74%) of trials and rated them favorably across quality dimensions. When tasked with solving cases for 72 patients with undiagnosed disease from the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Network, CaBot identified the working diagnosis in 50/72 (69%) of cases from referral notes alone. To promote transparency and research, we also developed CPC-Bench, a physician-validated benchmark based on 7,102 CPCs and 47,648 questions across 10 tasks. We show that CaBot outperforms frontier models on CPC-Bench, and release both CaBot and CPC-Bench publicly to foster progress in clinical AI.

arXiv:2510.09901v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Computing has long served as a cornerstone of scientific discovery. Recently, a paradigm shift has emerged with the rise of large language models (LLMs), introducing autonomous systems, referred to as agents, that accelerate discovery across varying levels of autonomy. These language agents provide a flexible and versatile framework that orchestrates interactions with human scientists, natural language, computer language and code, and physics. This paper presents our view and vision of LLM-based scientific agents and their growing role in transforming the scientific discovery lifecycle, from hypothesis discovery, experimental design and execution, to result analysis and refinement. We critically examine current methodologies, emphasizing key innovations, practical achievements, and outstanding limitations. Additionally, we identify open research challenges and outline promising directions for building more robust, generalizable, and adaptive scientific agents. Our analysis highlights the transformative potential of autonomous agents to accelerate scientific discovery across diverse domains.

arXiv:2603.04648v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Real-world reinforcement learning systems must operate under distributional drift in their observation streams, yet most policy architectures implicitly assume fully observed and noise-free states. We study robustness of Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) under temporally persistent sensor failures that induce partial observability and representation shift. To respond to this drift, we augment PPO with temporal sequence models, including Transformers and State Space Models (SSMs), to enable policies to infer missing information from history and maintain performance. Under a stochastic sensor failure process, we prove a high-probability bound on infinite-horizon reward degradation that quantifies how robustness depends on policy smoothness and failure persistence. Empirically, on MuJoCo continuous-control benchmarks with severe sensor dropout, we show Transformer-based sequence policies substantially outperform MLP, RNN, and SSM baselines in robustness, maintaining high returns even when large fractions of sensors are unavailable. These results demonstrate that temporal sequence reasoning provides a principled and practical mechanism for reliable operation under observation drift caused by sensor unreliability.

Nature Biotechnology, Published online: 20 March 2026; doi:10.1038/s41587-026-03064-w

This Review discusses the promises and pitfalls of biological AI algorithms and presents a vision for generalist biological artificial intelligence, in which models can perform diverse tasks across biological domains.

arXiv:2507.04704v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Understanding how cellular morphology, gene expression, and spatial context jointly shape tissue function is a central challenge in biology. Image-based spatial transcriptomics technologies now provide high-resolution measurements of cell images and gene expression profiles, but existing methods typically analyze these modalities in isolation or at limited resolution. We address the problem by introducing SPATIA, a multi-level generative and predictive model that learns unified, spatially aware representations by fusing morphology, gene expression, and spatial context from the cell to the tissue level. SPATIA also incorporates a novel spatially conditioned generative framework for predicting cell morphologies under perturbations. Specifically, we propose a confidence-aware flow matching objective that reweights weak optimal-transport pairs based on uncertainty. We further apply morphology-profile alignment to encourage biologically meaningful image generation, enabling the modeling of microenvironment-dependent phenotypic transitions. We assembled a multi-scale dataset consisting of 25.9 million cell-gene pairs across 17 tissues. We benchmark SPATIA against 18 models across 12 tasks, spanning categories such as phenotype generation, annotation, clustering, gene imputation, and cross-modal prediction. SPATIA achieves improved performance over state-of-the-art models, improving generative fidelity by 8% and predictive accuracy by up to 3%.