Nature Biomedical Engineering, Published online: 28 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41551-026-01785-6This Perspective argues that biological discovery and drug development should be linked in a continuous data feedback loop that iteratively refines therapeutic hypotheses, drug design and patient stratification across discovery and clinical stages.

PD-1+ T follicular helper-like cells drive B cell-associated pathology in multiple sclerosis. Programmable PD-1-targeting CAR T cells selectively eliminate these pathogenic CD4 T cells while delivering IL-10 at sites of inflammation, thereby suppressing neuroinflammation across preclinical models.