scBaseCount is presently the largest public single-cell RNA-seq repository, containing over 502 million cells across 27 organisms and 75 tissues. An AI agent autonomously discovers, annotates, and uniformly reprocesses all 10× Genomics datasets in the SRA, creating a harmonized, continually updated resource for studying the diversity of cell biology and training AI models.

LongevityBench, Longevity-LLMs, and Longevity Claw evaluate the readiness of the state-of-the-art AI systems for spearheading aging research.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 16 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04625-x

In a prospective study involving 1,785 individuals from four countries, the PANXEON exosome-based biomarker, combined with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels, achieves high sensitivity for the detection of early-stage pancreatic cancer.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 16 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04662-6

Sex-specific biological aging clocks across multiple organs and molecular systems show that female and male aging patterns can differ in organ-specific, disease-relevant ways.

Cell Death Discovery, Published online: 16 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41420-026-03345-y

rhNGF shows neuroprotective efficacy by counteracting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a glaucoma mouse model

Nature Medicine, Published online: 15 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04644-8

In the phase 2 RIO trial, there was delayed viral rebound and resistance to broadly neutralizing antibodies 3BNC117-LS and 10-1074-LS in adult males living with HIV undergoing analytical treatment interruption, and initial reservoir sensitivity to autologous antibodies was associated with a longer time to rebound.

Agarwal et al. introduce MitoSpace, a self-supervised model trained on 4D lattice light-sheet microscopy data. The model resolves drug-induced mitochondrial phenotypes without labels, predicts membrane potential from morphology and dynamics, generalizes to unseen perturbations and lung organoids, and shows that representation quality improves progressively from 2D to 4D.

Modeling perturbation effects across large single-cell populations requires flexibility to capture heterogeneity. By training over sets of cells in a shared embedding space, State outperforms baselines at generalizing effects to new contexts. Cell-Eval, the framework used for this comparison, provides a comprehensive benchmark for future models.

Drawing inspiration from Hilbert’s list of 23 mathematical problems that have focused the mathematical community’s attention for more than a century, we propose fifteen grand AI challenges to focus the biomedical community’s attention on critically relevant questions, most of which still lack effective predictive methodologies.

Spatial multi-omics reveals macrophage states that constrain adaptive immunity in immunosuppressed non-melanoma skin cancer.

Arginine availability regulates arginyl tRNA levels and codon-dependent translation of MHC class I, tuning antigen presentation and shaping anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity.

Sprox-seq enables spatial profiling of protein complexes, surface proteins, and mRNAs in intact tissues by combining proximity ligation with spatial transcriptomics. In human tonsils, Sprox-seq maps germinal center interaction networks, links CD21-CD35 complexes to proliferative programs, reveals interaction-based B cell state transitions, and directly captures B cell-follicular dendritic cell communication.

Nature, Published online: 14 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-11124-z

Encoded and non-genetic protein variants expand human functional proteome

npj Digital Medicine, Published online: 14 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41746-026-03225-w

Data-driven identification of repurposable drugs for ALS

Nature Cancer, Published online: 14 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s43018-026-01237-9

Marsoni et al. evaluated the feasibility of a dynamic circulating tumor DNA-guided adjuvant and postadjuvant treatment strategy in patients with resected microsatellite-stable, high-risk stage II or III colon cancer in the phase 2 PEGASUS trial.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 14 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04622-0

In this Comment, we argue for a global health system that recognizes and supports countries as the primary agents of action, oriented around global public goods and collective action, and served by a leaner set of global and regional institutions. We present a potential vision for the functions and distribution of labor in the system to inform ongoing reform discussions and draw critique, dissent and amendment.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 14 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04639-5

Trust in clinical artificial intelligence (AI) cannot be benchmarked into existence. It must be earned through rigorous prospective studies in real-world clinical settings, where the hardest lessons often concern the humans and systems around the AI, not the technology itself.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 13 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04488-2

In a large international real-world study of non-small cell lung cancer, a multimodal explainable AI model outperformed established biomarkers for immunotherapy outcome prediction and improved physician decision-making.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 11 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04642-w

In the randomized phase 2 ImmunoPRISM trial, patients with high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma (MM) showed higher rates of complete clinical responses in response to treatment with teclistamab compared with lenalidomide–dexamethasone, although longer follow-up is required to determine durable prevention of progression to MM.

Nature Medicine, Published online: 10 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04695-x

A suite of large pre-trained language models accurately extracts computable clinical data from unstructured electronic health records and integrates the findings into knowledge graphs that can facilitate understanding patient trajectories and treatment responses in the real world.