arXiv:2506.09095v4 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Foundation models (FMs) are changing the way medical images are analyzed by learning from large collections of unlabeled data. Instead of relying on manually annotated examples, FMs are pre-trained to learn general-purpose visual features that can later be adapted to specific clinical tasks with little additional supervision. In this review, we examine how FMs are being developed and applied in pathology, radiology, and ophthalmology, drawing on evidence from over 150 studies. We explain the core components of FM pipelines, including model architectures, self-supervised learning methods, and strategies for downstream adaptation. We also review how FMs are being used in each imaging domain and compare design choices across applications. Finally, we discuss key challenges and open questions to guide future research.

Characterization of microbiome genomes at the species level in over 4,000 metastatic tumor biopsies identifies the distribution and diversity features of tumor-resident bacterial DNA at a pan-cancer scale, highlighting the associations between microbial community dynamics and tumor immunity and immunotherapy efficacy.