arXiv:2511.11597v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Evaluating how Large Language Models (LLMs) handle complex, specialized knowledge remains a critical challenge. We address this through the lens of climate change by introducing CLINB, a benchmark that assesses models on open-ended, grounded, multimodal question answering tasks with clear requirements for knowledge quality and evidential support. CLINB relies on a dataset of real users' questions and evaluation rubrics curated by leading climate scientists. We implement and validate a model-based evaluation process and evaluate several frontier models. Our findings reveal a critical dichotomy. Frontier models demonstrate remarkable knowledge synthesis capabilities, often exhibiting PhD-level understanding and presentation quality. They outperform "hybrid" answers curated by domain experts assisted by weaker models. However, this performance is countered by failures in grounding. The quality of evidence varies, with substantial hallucination rates for references and images. We argue that bridging this gap between knowledge synthesis and verifiable attribution is essential for the deployment of AI in scientific workflows and that reliable, interpretable benchmarks like CLINB are needed to progress towards building trustworthy AI systems.

arXiv:2412.15925v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Problem: Pancreas radiological imaging is challenging due to the small size, blurred boundaries, and variability of shape and position of the organ among patients. Goal: In this work we present MiniGPT-Pancreas, a Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM), as an interactive chatbot to support clinicians in pancreas cancer diagnosis by integrating visual and textual information. Methods: MiniGPT-v2, a general-purpose MLLM, was fine-tuned in a cascaded way for pancreas detection, tumor classification, and tumor detection with multimodal prompts combining questions and computed tomography scans from the National Institute of Health (NIH), and Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD) datasets. The AbdomenCT-1k dataset was used to detect the liver, spleen, kidney, and pancreas. Results: MiniGPT-Pancreas achieved an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.595 and 0.550 for the detection of pancreas on NIH and MSD datasets, respectively. For the pancreas cancer classification task on the MSD dataset, accuracy, precision, and recall were 0.876, 0.874, and 0.878, respectively. When evaluating MiniGPT-Pancreas on the AbdomenCT-1k dataset for multi-organ detection, the IoU was 0.8399 for the liver, 0.722 for the kidney, 0.705 for the spleen, and 0.497 for the pancreas. For the pancreas tumor detection task, the IoU score was 0.168 on the MSD dataset. Conclusions: MiniGPT-Pancreas represents a promising solution to support clinicians in the classification of pancreas images with pancreas tumors. Future research is needed to improve the score on the detection task, especially for pancreas tumors.

arXiv:2511.11590v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in NHS workflows, but its probabilistic and adaptive behaviour conflicts with the deterministic assumptions underpinning existing clinical-safety standards. DCB0129 and DCB0160 provide strong governance for conventional software yet do not define how AI-specific transparency, interpretability, or model drift should be evidenced within Safety Cases, Hazard Logs, or post-market monitoring. This paper proposes an Explainability-Enabled Clinical Safety Framework (ECSF) that integrates explainability into the DCB0129/0160 lifecycle, enabling Clinical Safety Officers to use interpretability outputs as structured safety evidence without altering compliance pathways. A cross-regulatory synthesis mapped DCB clauses to principles from Good Machine Learning Practice, the NHS AI Assurance and T.E.S.T. frameworks, and the EU AI Act. The resulting matrix links regulatory clauses, principles, ECSF checkpoints, and suitable explainability outputs. ECSF introduces five checkpoints: global transparency for hazard identification, case-level interpretability for verification, clinician usability for evaluation, traceable decision pathways for risk control, and longitudinal interpretability monitoring for post-market surveillance. Techniques such as SHAP, LIME, Integrated Gradients, saliency mapping, and attention visualisation are mapped to corresponding DCB artefacts. ECSF reframes explainability as a core element of clinical-safety assurance, bridging deterministic risk governance with the probabilistic behaviour of AI and supporting alignment with GMLP, the EU AI Act, and NHS AI Assurance principles.

arXiv:2511.13373v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant challenges in distributed healthcare, including consolidating specialized domain knowledge across institutions while maintaining privacy, reducing computational overhead, and preventing catastrophic forgetting during model updates.This paper presents a systematic evaluation of six parameter-space merging techniques applied to two architecturally compatible medical LLMs derived from the Mistral-7B base model. We introduce a novel hierarchical method that combines selective Optimal Transport (OT) alignment for attention layers with cosine similarity-weighted interpolation, designed to address permutation variance while minimizing computational overhead for edge deployment scenarios. Our study evaluates Task Arithmetic, Linear Averaging, DARE-TIES, DELLA, Breadcrumbs, and our Hierarchical approach across five medical benchmarks. Results demonstrate that architecturally compatible models benefit significantly from simple averaging methods, with Task Arithmetic achieving 45.80% accuracy on MedQA, outperforming complex pruning-based approaches. These findings offer critical insights for the deployment of distributed medical AI in resource-constrained IoT environments, where computational efficiency and model compatibility are paramount. Our work establishes that for architecturally compatible models, simple averaging provides a robust and computationally efficient baseline for knowledge consolidation, offering a pragmatic path forward for scalable medical AI systems.

arXiv:2511.13525v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Fairness in artificial intelligence (AI) has become a growing concern due to discriminatory outcomes in AI-based decision-making systems. While various methods have been proposed to mitigate bias, most rely on complete demographic information, an assumption often impractical due to legal constraints and the risk of reinforcing discrimination. This survey examines fairness in AI when demographics are incomplete, addressing the gap between traditional approaches and real-world challenges. We introduce a novel taxonomy of fairness notions in this setting, clarifying their relationships and distinctions. Additionally, we summarize existing techniques that promote fairness beyond complete demographics and highlight open research questions to encourage further progress in the field.

npj Digital Medicine, Published online: 17 November 2025; doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02025-y

A large language model-based approach to quantifying the effects of social determinants in liver transplant decisions

Background: Sensor-based digital health technologies (sDHTs) are increasingly used to support scientific and clinical decision-making. The digital measures (DMs) they generate offer significant potential to accelerate the drug development timeline, decrease clinical trial costs, and improve access to care. However, choosing appropriate statistical methodology when conducting analytical validation (AV) of a DM is complicated, particularly for novel DMs, for which appropriate, established reference measures may not exist. More understanding of, and a standardization of approach to, AV in these scenarios is needed. Objective: In a prior simulation study, three statistical methods were tested for their ability to estimate a simulated relationship between a sDHT-derived DM and several clinical outcome assessment (COA) reference measures. The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of these methods’ implementation in real data, and to examine the impact of AV study design factors on the relationships estimated. Methods: Four real-world datasets, captured using sDHTs, were used to prepare hypothetical AV studies that represented a range of scenarios with respect to three key study design properties: temporal coherence, construct coherence and data completeness. For each hypothetical study, two-factor, correlated-factors confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models, and a combination of simple and multiple linear regression models, were built using the DM and reference measure data. The factor correlation, R2 and adjusted R2 statistics were calculated, in addition to the Pearson Correlation Coefficients (PCCs). Results: The majority of CFA models exhibited an acceptable fit according to the majority of the fit statistics employed, and each model was able to estimate a factor correlation. For each model, these correlations were greater than or equal to the corresponding PCC in magnitude. Correlations were strongest in the hypothetical studies with strong temporal and construct coherence. Conclusions: The performance of the measures shown in this work supports the feasibility of the selected statistical methods when implemented in real-world data. Our findings in particular support the use of CFA to assess the relationship between a novel digital measure and a COA reference measure. The observed impact of AV study design factors on the relationships estimated allowed the authors to determine practical recommendations to aid in appropriate study design for AV of novel digital measures. By utilizing a standardized methodology for evaluating novel digital measures, sDHT developers, biostatisticians and clinical researchers will be able to navigate the complex validation landscape more easily, with more certainty, and with more tools at their disposal, expediting the pathway to validation and regulatory review.