Recent progress in the rational design of mRNA vaccines

By: Zijia Guo · Jiayan Fu · Luna Ran · Nengcheng Bao · Yadong Wang · Haiyang Dong · Xiaofeng Yang · Yongfeng Jin

13 July 2026 at 08:00

Jin and colleagues review recent advances in mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer, covering sequence optimization, circRNA/saRNA platforms, delivery systems, and clinical translation challenges, while highlighting the role of computational technologies.

SlideChat is a multimodal generative artificial intelligence assistant for whole-slide computational pathology across cancer types

Nature Cancer

By: Ying Chen · Chenglong Ma · Qiongqiong Li · Fang Yan · Yirong Chen · Tianbin Li · Jin Ye · Ming Hu · Yuxiang Lin · Yanjun Li · Guoan Wang · Huihui Xu · Hui Dong · Xiang Wang · Xiaoxiao Xu · Yanyan Zhou · Xia Zhu · Sen Yang · Xiyue Wang · Lu Zhang · Yu Qiao · Rongshan Yu · Junjun He · Yuanfeng Ji

1 September 2026 at 08:00

Nature Cancer, Published online: 01 September 2026; doi:10.1038/s43018-026-01220-4

Chen et al. have developed SlideChat, a multimodal generative artificial intelligence assistant, which they benchmark on 27 pathology tasks across 33 cancer types. Expert pathologists rated the assistant as clinically relevant and accurate.

Divide-and-Conquer Inference for Large-Scale Visual Recognition with Multimodal Large Language Models

cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org

By: Zhipeng Ye · Jiaqi Huang · Feng Jiang · Qiufeng Wang · Yikang Duan · Dawei Wang · Xihang Zhou · Qian Qiao

26 May 2026 at 12:00

arXiv:2605.24799v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities across a wide range of vision language tasks. However, when applied to large scale image classification, their performance degrades significantly as the label space expands a phenomenon we define as Performance Collapse in Long Sequence Recognition. Through an information theoretic analysis, we reveal that this collapse stems from a fundamental conflict between the escalating information entropy and the prominent attention dilution and decay within attention mechanisms, which impairs the model's ability to maintain a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio when processing extremely long prompts. To mitigate this, we propose Divide-and-Conquer Inference (DCI), a novel test-time scaling strategy for visual recognition with MLLMs. DCI recursively decomposes complex global classification tasks into multiple simpler, localized subproblems and employs a dynamic pruning mechanism to compress the search space. This method effectively improves the local signal to noise ratio and model accuracy by mitigating the inherent weight dilution issues in long-sequence inference. Moreover, while traditional self-attention incurs a prohibitive quadratic computational complexity, DCI achieves more favorable scaling behavior and substantially accelerates inference in large scale classification scenarios. Extensive experiments on benchmarks such as ImageNet-1K and ImageNet-21K demonstrate that DCI consistently improves classification accuracy. This enables lightweight open-source models to rival or even surpass frontier closed-source giants without any additional training or fine-tuning. As a model-agnostic, plug-and-play paradigm, DCI offers an efficient approach for scaling the inferential precision of MLLMs in large-scale scenarios.

DBPnet: Damper Characteristics-Based Bayesian Physics-Informed Neural Network for Wheel Load Estimation

cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org

By: Tianyi Wang · Tianyi Zeng · Zimo Zeng · Feiyang Zhang · Yujin Wang · Xiangyu Li · Yiming Xu · Sikai Chen · Junfeng Jiao · Christian Claudel · Xinbo Chen

26 May 2026 at 12:00

arXiv:2605.24860v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) play an important role in modern automotive intelligence, significantly enhancing vehicle safety and stability. The performance of ADAS critically relies on accurate and reliable vehicle state estimation, particularly from vehicle dynamic sensors. Among these signals, wheel load is a key variable for chassis control and safety-critical functions, yet it remains difficult to estimate robustly due to complex suspension geometry, nonlinear dynamics, and measurement noise. To address this issue, we propose DBPnet, a Bayesian physics-informed neural network (PINN) with a physics-aware embedding module inspired by damper characteristics. First, this paper presents a suspension linkage-level modeling (SLLM) approach that constructs a nonlinear instantaneous dynamic model by explicitly considering the complex geometric structure of the suspension. Building upon SLLM, Bayesian inference is integrated into the PINN to effectively cope with noise and uncertainty in the vehicle chassis system, thereby improving the model's robustness. Then, a physics-informed loss function is employed to ensure consistency with fundamental physical principles, while the damper characteristics-inspired embedding module extracts temporal variation features of input signals and incorporates them into each layer of the PINN, ensuring that physical observations guide the neural network without being constrained by fixed physical models. Extensive evaluations on high-fidelity simulations and real-world experiments demonstrate that our DBPnet consistently achieves lower RMSE and MaxError than baseline methods. These results highlight the potential of our DBPnet to advance wheel load estimation and contribute to the development of more reliable ADAS actuator functions.

Superconductivity and electronic structures of nickelate thin film superstructures

Nature - Issue - nature.com science feeds

By: Zihao Nie · Yueying Li · Wei Lv · Lizhi Xu · Zhicheng Jiang · Peng Fu · Guangdi Zhou · Wenhua Song · Yaqi Chen · Heng Wang · Haoliang Huang · Junhao Lin · Jin-Feng Jia · Dawei Shen · Peng Li · Qi-Kun Xue · Zhuoyu Chen

8 April 2026 at 08:00

Nature, Published online: 08 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10352-7

Engineered Ruddlesden–Popper nickelate superstructures show that specific Fermi surface features enable ambient-pressure superconductivity, linking structural configuration, electronic structure and superconducting behaviour. .

A Generative Foundation Model for Multimodal Histopathology

cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org

By: Jinxi Xiang · Mingjie Li · Siyu Hou · Yijiang Chen · Xiangde Luo · Yuanfeng Ji · Xiang Zhou · Ehsan Adeli · Akshay Chaudhari · Curtis P. Langlotz · Kilian M. Pohl · Ruijiang Li

7 April 2026 at 12:00

arXiv:2604.03635v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Accurate diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases require integrating histological, molecular, and clinical data, yet in practice these modalities are often incomplete owing to tissue scarcity, assay cost, and workflow constraints. Existing computational approaches attempt to impute missing modalities from available data but rely on task-specific models trained on narrow, single source-target pairs, limiting their generalizability. Here we introduce MuPD (Multimodal Pathology Diffusion), a generative foundation model that embeds hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained histology, molecular RNA profiles, and clinical text into a shared latent space through a diffusion transformer with decoupled cross-modal attention. Pretrained on 100 million histology image patches, 1.6 million text-histology pairs, and 10.8 million RNA-histology pairs spanning 34 human organs, MuPD supports diverse cross-modal synthesis tasks with minimal or no task-specific fine-tuning. For text-conditioned and image-to-image generation, MuPD synthesizes histologically faithful tissue architectures, reducing Fr\'echet inception distance (FID) scores by 50% relative to domain-specific models and improving few-shot classification accuracy by up to 47% through synthetic data augmentation. For RNA-conditioned histology generation, MuPD reduces FID by 23% compared with the next-best method while preserving cell-type distributions across five cancer types. As a virtual stainer, MuPD translates H&E images to immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunofluorescence, improving average marker correlation by 37% over existing approaches. These results demonstrate that a single, unified generative model pretrained across heterogeneous pathology modalities can substantially outperform specialized alternatives, providing a scalable computational framework for multimodal histopathology.

Enhancing behavioral nudges with large language model-based iterative personalization: A field experiment on electricity and hot-water conservation

cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org

By: Zonghan Li · Yi Liu · Chunyan Wang · Song Tong · Kaiping Peng · Feng Ji

7 April 2026 at 12:00

arXiv:2604.03881v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Nudging is widely used to promote behavioral change, but its effectiveness is often limited when recipients must repeatedly translate feedback into workable next steps under changing circumstances. Large language models (LLMs) may help reduce part of this cognitive work by generating personalized guidance and updating it iteratively across intervention rounds. We developed an LLM agent for iterative personalization and tested it in a three-arm randomized experiment among 233 university residents in China, using daily electricity and shower hot-water conservation as objectively measured cases differing in friction. LLM-personalized nudges (T2) produced the largest conservation effects, while image-enhanced conventional nudges (T1) and text-based conventional nudges (C) showed similar outcomes (omnibus p = 0.009). Relative to C, T2 reduced electricity consumption by 0.56 kWh per room-day (p = 0.014), corresponding to an 18.3 percentage-point higher adjusted saving rate. This advantage emerged within the first two intervention rounds, alongside iterative updating of personalized guidance, and persisted thereafter. Hot-water outcomes followed the same direction but were smaller, less precisely estimated, and attenuated over time, consistent with stronger friction in this domain. LLM-personalized nudges emphasized prospective and context-specific guidance and were associated with higher participant engagement. This study provides field evidence that LLM-based iterative personalization can enhance behavioral nudging, with behavioral friction as a potential boundary condition. Larger trials and extension to more behaviors are warranted.

DVM: A Bytecode Virtual Machine Approach for Dynamic Tensor Computation

cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org

By: Jingzhi Fang · Xiong Gao · Renwei Zhang · Zichun Ye · Lei Chen · Jie Zhao · Chengnuo Huang · Hui Xu · Xuefeng Jin

3 April 2026 at 12:00

arXiv:2603.24239v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Dynamism is common in AI computation, e.g., the dynamic tensor shapes and the dynamic control flows in models. Due to the long compilation time, existing runtime compilation damages the model efficiency, while the offline compilers either suffer from the long compilation time and device memory footprint to cover all the possible execution instances of a dynamic model, or sacrifice optimization opportunities for usability. In this paper, we rethink the feasibility of runtime compilation for dynamic models and identify that the key for it to work is to speed up the compilation or hide the compilation overhead. To do this, we propose a real-time compiler, DVM. In DVM, we design a runtime operator compiler based on a bytecode virtual machine to perform effective and efficient compilation for each dynamic operator instance given its input. Specifically, instead of compiling programs into machine code, we encode the operator program into bytecode on the CPU and decode the bytecode into virtual instructions for direct execution on the NPU. Based on the runtime operator compiler, we further propose an operator fuser, which performs symbol-deduction-based fusion on static graphs and runtime fusion on dynamic graphs. Both pattern- and stacking-based fusion are supported to increase fusion opportunities. Evaluation on operators, subgraphs, and models shows that, compared with TorchInductor, PyTorch-eager and MindSpore-graph-O0, we are up to 11.77$\times$ better in terms of the operator/model efficiency and up to 5 orders of magnitude faster in terms of the maximum compilation time.

FedRG: Unleashing the Representation Geometry for Federated Learning with Noisy Clients

cs.AI, q-bio.NC updates on arXiv.org

By: Tian Wen · Zhiqin Yang · Yonggang Zhang · Xuefeng Jiang · Hao Peng · Yuwei Wang · Bo Han

1 April 2026 at 12:00

arXiv:2603.19722v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Federated learning (FL) suffers from performance degradation due to the inevitable presence of noisy annotations in distributed scenarios. Existing approaches have advanced in distinguishing noisy samples from the dataset for label correction by leveraging loss values. However, noisy samples recognition relying on scalar loss lacks reliability for FL under heterogeneous scenarios. In this paper, we rethink this paradigm from a representation perspective and propose \method~(\textbf{Fed}erated under \textbf{R}epresentation \textbf{G}emometry), which follows \textbf{the principle of ``representation geometry priority''} to recognize noisy labels. Firstly, \method~creates label-agnostic spherical representations by using self-supervision. It then iteratively fits a spherical von Mises-Fisher (vMF) mixture model to this geometry using previously identified clean samples to capture semantic clusters. This geometric evidence is integrated with a semantic-label soft mapping mechanism to derive a distribution divergence between the label-free and annotated label-conditioned feature space, which robustly identifies noisy samples and updates the vMF mixture model with the newly separated clean dataset. Lastly, we employ an additional personalized noise absorption matrix on noisy labels to achieve robust optimization. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that \method~significantly outperforms state-of-the-art methods for FL with data heterogeneity under diverse noisy clients scenarios.

NFATC2::NUTM2 Fusion Defines a Novel Primary Pulmonary Epithelial Tumor With a Distinctive Immunophenotype

Pulmonary nodule

By: Lanlan Feng · Qiao Liu · Xiaoyan Liu · Shumei Wang · Junting Li · Yu Han · Xiaorong Mu · Yuanyuan Wang · Junfeng Jiang · Chun Wu · Xiujuan Han · Shaojun Zhu · Fuqin Zhang · Jing Tian · Zhuo Wang · Wei Zhang · Li Gong

13 March 2026 at 18:00

Am J Surg Pathol. 2026 Jun 1;50(6):695-704. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000002533. Epub 2026 Mar 13.

ABSTRACT

With the application of molecular techniques in pathologic diagnosis, several novel primary pulmonary epithelial tumors have been continuously discovered and classified under the WHO classification of thoracic tumors. Recently, a pulmonary tumor with NFATC2 :: NUTM2B fusion was first documented, but the spectrum of NFATC2::NUTM2 fusion variants and their associated pathologic features remains incompletely characterized. Coincidentally, we also found and described 6 primary pulmonary tumors harboring recurrent NFATC2::NUTM2A/E fusions through integrated genomic analysis. These patients, including 4 females and 2 males, with a median age of 53 years, presented with incidentally detected peripheral lung nodules composed of monotonous epithelioid cells arranged in cords, nests, and trabeculae within a prominent desmoplastic stroma. All tumors exhibited a consistent immunophenotype: CK5/6+/GATA3+/calponin+/EMA+/DOG1 (perinuclear dot-like staining)/p63-. High-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) analysis showed the structural variation of NFATC2::NUTM2E in all 6 cases, whereas RNA sequencing detected the fusion transcripts in 5 cases ( NFATC2::NUTM2A , n=2; NFATC2::NUTM2E , n=3). Ultrastructural examination of 1 case suggested epithelial differentiation. All patients remained disease-free after complete resection (median follow-up: 24 mo; range: 9 to 41 mo). These findings define a novel primary pulmonary tumor entity driven by NFATC2::NUTM2 fusions, and characterized by a distinctive immunophenotype, expanding the spectrum of NUTM2 -associated neoplasms. Our study underscores the utility of multiomics approaches for characterizing rare neoplasms and provides a diagnostic framework for this entity.

PMID:41821426 | DOI:10.1097/PAS.0000000000002533

NFATC2::NUTM2 Fusion Defines a Novel Primary Pulmonary Epithelial Tumor With a Distinctive Immunophenotype

Omics In Lung

By: Lanlan Feng · Qiao Liu · Xiaoyan Liu · Shumei Wang · Junting Li · Yu Han · Xiaorong Mu · Yuanyuan Wang · Junfeng Jiang · Chun Wu · Xiujuan Han · Shaojun Zhu · Fuqin Zhang · Jing Tian · Zhuo Wang · Wei Zhang · Li Gong

13 March 2026 at 18:00

Am J Surg Pathol. 2026 Mar 13. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000002533. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

With the application of molecular techniques in pathologic diagnosis, several novel primary pulmonary epithelial tumors have been continuously discovered and classified under the WHO classification of thoracic tumors. Recently, a pulmonary tumor with NFATC2::NUTM2B fusion was first documented, but the spectrum of NFATC2::NUTM2 fusion variants and their associated pathologic features remains incompletely characterized. Coincidentally, we also found and described 6 primary pulmonary tumors harboring recurrent NFATC2::NUTM2A/E fusions through integrated genomic analysis. These patients, including 4 females and 2 males, with a median age of 53 years, presented with incidentally detected peripheral lung nodules composed of monotonous epithelioid cells arranged in cords, nests, and trabeculae within a prominent desmoplastic stroma. All tumors exhibited a consistent immunophenotype: CK5/6+/GATA3+/calponin+/EMA+/DOG1 (perinuclear dot-like staining)/p63-. High-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) analysis showed the structural variation of NFATC2::NUTM2E in all 6 cases, whereas RNA sequencing detected the fusion transcripts in 5 cases (NFATC2::NUTM2A, n=2; NFATC2::NUTM2E, n=3). Ultrastructural examination of 1 case suggested epithelial differentiation. All patients remained disease-free after complete resection (median follow-up: 24 mo; range: 9 to 41 mo). These findings define a novel primary pulmonary tumor entity driven by NFATC2::NUTM2 fusions, and characterized by a distinctive immunophenotype, expanding the spectrum of NUTM2-associated neoplasms. Our study underscores the utility of multiomics approaches for characterizing rare neoplasms and provides a diagnostic framework for this entity.

PMID:41821426 | DOI:10.1097/PAS.0000000000002533

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