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OASES: Outcome-Aligned Search-Evaluation Co-Training for Agentic Search

By: Erhan Zhang · Yiqun Chen · Zechun Niu · Wei Yang · Xiaochi Wei · Yan Gao · Yi Wu · Yao Hu · Jiaxin Mao

26 May 2026 at 12:00

arXiv:2604.03675v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Agentic search enables language models to solve knowledge-intensive tasks by adaptively acquiring external evidence over multiple steps. Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a widely adopted training paradigm for search agents, yet outcome-only rewards are sparse and provide limited credit assignment for intermediate search actions. Existing process-reward methods therefore seek to densify supervision through proxy signals, external evaluators, or likelihood-based information gain. However, proxy rewards can deviate from the final outcome objective, while fixed evaluators can become stale as the search policy evolves, leading to unreliable process supervision. To address these challenges, we propose OASES, an Outcome-Aligned Search-Evaluation Supervision framework for agentic search. OASES derives outcome-aligned process rewards by evaluating how well each intermediate search state supports answering the original question. It further co-trains the search policy and the state evaluator on policy, allowing the evaluator to adapt to evolving search behavior and provide more reliable process rewards. Experiments on five multi-hop QA benchmarks show that OASES consistently outperforms strong RL baselines, with further analyses confirming the benefits of outcome-aligned process rewards and search-evaluation co-training.

Raspberry aqueous extract ameliorates MAFLD in mice by regulating gut microbiota and purine metabolism

Omics in Hepatocellular

By: Yanyan Gao · Nian Liu · Huaxin Wei · Tianchi Sun · Fangying Xu · Lin Chen · Jiannan Qiu · Xiaobing Dou

18 May 2026 at 18:00

Front Nutr. 2026 Apr 30;13:1818086. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1818086. eCollection 2026.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has emerged as a severe worldwide public health burden with insufficient available clinical therapeutic strategies, which underscores the urgent demand for safe, natural dietary interventions. Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), a typical food-medicine homologous fruit abundant in diverse bioactive components including anthocyanins, flavonoids and polysaccharides, possesses prominent nutritional and medicinal potential.

METHODS: In this study, raspberry aqueous extract (RE) was prepared to comprehensively investigate its ameliorative effects and underlying molecular mechanisms against MAFLD. MAFLD animal model was established in C57BL/6 mice via 12-week high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. From the 9th week, model mice were intragastrically administered with RE at doses of 1 g/kg/d and 2 g/kg/d for continuous intervention. Integrated multi-omics analyses including 16S rRNA microbial sequencing, serum/hepatic biochemical detection, histopathological examination, in vivo microbial colonization assay, and in vitro cellular and metabolomic experiments were performed to systematically clarify the regulatory mechanism.

RESULTS: RE treatment markedly improved the core pathological phenotypes of MAFLD mice, and significantly mitigated hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular injury. 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that RE remodeled the gut microbial dysbiosis, specifically elevating the abundance of beneficial genus Ileibacterium and suppressing pathogenic microbial taxa. Meanwhile, RE strengthened intestinal mucosal barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction protein expression, and activated hepatic purine metabolic reprogramming to boost the levels of critical metabolites including inosine and ADP. Spearman correlation analysis verified the significantly positive correlation between Ileibacterium abundance and hepatic inosine content, and both factors were closely correlated with the remission of MAFLD pathological indicators. In vivo colonization experiments further validated that Ileibacterium intervention alone remarkably alleviated hepatic lipid deposition and liver damage in MAFLD mice. In vitro strain metabolomics confirmed that Ileibacterium could directly biosynthesize and secrete inosine extracellularly. Furthermore, in vitro AML12 hepatocyte experiments revealed that 100 μM inosine remarkably relieved palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity via reducing intracellular lipid overload, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, alongside modulating the expression of lipid metabolism, inflammatory and autophagy-related genes.

DISCUSSION: Collectively, our results elucidate that raspberry aqueous extract alleviates experimental MAFLD through the gut microbiota-purine metabolism-inosine regulatory axis, in which Ileibacterium and inosine act as the core synergistic mediators. This study provides solid preclinical experimental evidence for the development and application of raspberry as a promising functional food for the prevention and nutritional intervention of MAFLD.

PMID:42146077 | PMC:PMC13171365 | DOI:10.3389/fnut.2026.1818086