Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled devices are increasingly used in healthcare. However, there has been limited research on patients’ informational preferences, including which elements of AI device labeling enhance patient understanding, trust, and acceptance. Clear and effective patient-facing communication is essential to address patient concerns and support informed decision-making regarding AI-enabled care. Objective: Using simulated AI device labels in a cardiovascular context, we evaluated three aims. First, we identified key information elements that influence patient trust and acceptance of an AI device. Second, we examined how these effects varied based on patient characteristics. Third, we explored how patients evaluated informational content of AI labels and their perceived effectiveness of the AI labels in informing decision-making about the use of AI device, building trust in the device, and shaping their intention to use it in their healthcare. Methods: We recruited 340 US patients from ResearchMatch.org to participate in a web-based survey that contained two experiments. In the discrete choice experiment (DCE), participants indicated preferences in terms of trust and acceptance regarding 16 pairs of simulated AI device labels that varied across eight types of information needs identified in our previous qualitative work. In the single profile factorial experiment (SPFE), participants evaluated four randomly assigned label prototypes regarding the label’s legibility, comprehensibility, information overload, credibility, and perceived effectiveness in informing about the AI device, as well as participants’ trust in the AI device and intention to use the device in their healthcare. Data was analyzed using mixed effects binary or ordinal logistic regression. Results: The DCE showed that information about regulatory approval, high device performance, provider oversight, and AI’s value added to usual care significantly increased the likelihood of patient trust by 14.1-19.3% and acceptance by 13.3-17.9%. Subgroup analyses revealed variations based on patient characteristics such as familiarity with AI, health literacy, and recency of last medical checkup. The SPFE showed that patients reported good label comprehension, and that information about provider oversight, regulatory approval, device performance, and AI’s added value improved perceived credibility and effectiveness of the AI label (odds ratios [ORs] range 1.35-2.05), reduced doubts in the AI device (ORs range 0.61- 0.77), and increased trust and intention to use the AI device (ORs range 1.47-1.73). However, information about data privacy and safety management protocols are less influential. Conclusions: Patients value information about an AI device’s performance, provider oversight, regulatory status, and added value during decision-making. Providing transparent, easily understandable information about these aspects is critical to support patient determinations of trust and acceptance of AI-enabled healthcare. Information elements’ impact on patient trust and acceptance varies by patient characteristics, highlighting the need for a tailored approach to address the concerns of diverse patient groups about AI in healthcare.

arXiv:2512.09566v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Drug discovery is a time-consuming and expensive process, with traditional high-throughput and docking-based virtual screening hampered by low success rates and limited scalability. Recent advances in generative modelling, including autoregressive, diffusion, and flow-based approaches, have enabled de novo ligand design beyond the limits of enumerative screening. Yet these models often suffer from inadequate generalization, limited interpretability, and an overemphasis on binding affinity at the expense of key pharmacological properties, thereby restricting their translational utility. Here we present Trio, a molecular generation framework integrating fragment-based molecular language modeling, reinforcement learning, and Monte Carlo tree search, for effective and interpretable closed-loop targeted molecular design. Through the three key components, Trio enables context-aware fragment assembly, enforces physicochemical and synthetic feasibility, and guides a balanced search between the exploration of novel chemotypes and the exploitation of promising intermediates within protein binding pockets. Experimental results show that Trio reliably achieves chemically valid and pharmacologically enhanced ligands, outperforming state-of-the-art approaches with improved binding affinity (+7.85%), drug-likeness (+11.10%) and synthetic accessibility (+12.05%), while expanding molecular diversity more than fourfold. By combining generalization, plausibility, and interpretability, Trio establishes a closed-loop generative paradigm that redefines how chemical space can be navigated, offering a transformative foundation for the next era of AI-driven drug discovery.

Oncogene, Published online: 30 March 2024; doi:10.1038/s41388-024-03012-5

ScRNA-seq of gastric cancer tissues reveals differences in the immune microenvironment of primary tumors and metastases