arXiv:2510.23639v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: This paper introduces an innovative Electronic Health Record (EHR) foundation model that integrates Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) as a foundational data modality, moving beyond traditional EHR-only approaches to build more holistic health profiles. Leveraging the extensive and diverse data from the All of Us (AoU) Research Program, this multimodal framework aims to learn complex relationships between clinical data and genetic predispositions. The methodology extends advancements in generative AI to the EHR foundation model space, enhancing predictive capabilities and interpretability. Evaluation on AoU data demonstrates the model's predictive value for the onset of various conditions, particularly Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), and illustrates the interplay between PRS and EHR data. The work also explores transfer learning for custom classification tasks, showcasing the architecture's versatility and efficiency. This approach is pivotal for unlocking new insights into disease prediction, proactive health management, risk stratification, and personalized treatment strategies, laying the groundwork for more personalized, equitable, and actionable real-world evidence generation in healthcare.

arXiv:2505.18087v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Recent progress in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) has enabled promising applications in medical tasks, such as report generation and visual question answering. However, existing benchmarks focus mainly on the final diagnostic answer, offering limited insight into whether models engage in clinically meaningful reasoning. To address this, we present CheXStruct and CXReasonBench, a structured pipeline and benchmark built on the publicly available MIMIC-CXR-JPG dataset. CheXStruct automatically derives a sequence of intermediate reasoning steps directly from chest X-rays, such as segmenting anatomical regions, deriving anatomical landmarks and diagnostic measurements, computing diagnostic indices, and applying clinical thresholds. CXReasonBench leverages this pipeline to evaluate whether models can perform clinically valid reasoning steps and to what extent they can learn from structured guidance, enabling fine-grained and transparent assessment of diagnostic reasoning. The benchmark comprises 18,988 QA pairs across 12 diagnostic tasks and 1,200 cases, each paired with up to 4 visual inputs, and supports multi-path, multi-stage evaluation including visual grounding via anatomical region selection and diagnostic measurements. Even the strongest of 12 evaluated LVLMs struggle with structured reasoning and generalization, often failing to link abstract knowledge with anatomically grounded visual interpretation. The code is available at https://github.com/ttumyche/CXReasonBench

Nature, Published online: 20 October 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09713-5

Parity and lactation induce T cell mediated breast cancer protection

Nature Medicine, Published online: 30 September 2025; doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03933-y

In a prospective study enrolling 1,222 patients from 22 emergency departments, a device using a machine-learning-based signature of blood mRNAs demonstrated clinically acceptable performance to diagnose bacterial and viral infections and to predict the all-cause need for critical care interventions within 7 days, with benchmark to established biomarkers and risk scores.

Nature, Published online: 08 January 2025; doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08388-8

Results from a comprehensive evaluation of the function of BRCA2 variants, particularly variants of uncertain significance, provide a useful resource to improve the clinical management of individuals who carry such genetic variants.

Nature, Published online: 08 May 2024; doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07370-8

Enhanced light–molecule interactions in high-finesse fibre-based Fabry–Pérot microcavities are used to detect and profile individual unlabelled solution-phase biomolecules, leading to potential applications in the life and chemical sciences.

Characterization of microbiome genomes at the species level in over 4,000 metastatic tumor biopsies identifies the distribution and diversity features of tumor-resident bacterial DNA at a pan-cancer scale, highlighting the associations between microbial community dynamics and tumor immunity and immunotherapy efficacy.

Nature, Published online: 08 April 2024; doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07379-z

Tumor-selective activity of RAS-GTP inhibition in pancreatic cancer

Immunotherapy holds strong promise for cancer treatment but at present benefits only a small proportion of cases. A pan-cancer analysis of the immune landscape in more than 1,000 tumors across ten cancer types reveals immune surveillance and immune evasion mechanisms as well as potential molecular target that could augment future immunotherapy and precision medicine strategies.

Nature, Published online: 06 December 2023; doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06802-1

Blood plasma protein data was combined with machine learning models for a simple method to determine differences in organ-specific aging; the study provides a basis for the prediction of diseases and aging effects using plasma proteomics.

Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Central American Ancestry (MPRCA) individuals represent 82% of US Latinos. An intergenerational group of MPRCA women and allies met to discuss persistent underrepresentation of MPRCA women in STEM, identifying multi-level challenges and solutions. Implementation of these solutions is important and will benefit MPRCA and the entire academic community.

Oncogene, Published online: 18 October 2023; doi:10.1038/s41388-023-02868-3

Metabolic control of cancer metastasis: role of amino acids at secondary organ sites

Nature, Published online: 06 September 2023; doi:10.1038/d41586-023-02733-z

Physicist Ranga Dias and his colleagues have twice claimed to make a room-temperature superconductor. But many researchers question the evidence.

Nature Biotechnology, Published online: 22 August 2023; doi:10.1038/s41587-023-01952-z

Author Correction: Guidelines for public database submission of uncultivated virus genome sequences for taxonomic classification

Oncogene, Published online: 19 July 2023; doi:10.1038/s41388-023-02784-6

Editorial Expression of Concern: Overexpression of CEACAM6 promotes insulin-like growth factor I-induced pancreatic adenocarcinoma cellular invasiveness

Nature, Published online: 19 July 2023; doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05915-x

Intestinal cell types are organized into distinct neighbourhoods and communities within the healthy human intestine, with distinct immunological niches.

Nature, Published online: 10 May 2023; doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06054-z

The genomic differences between primary and metastatic tumours are assessed across 23 cancer types using pan-cancer whole-genome analysis.

Oncogene, Published online: 10 November 2022; doi:10.1038/s41388-022-02513-5

Nuclear FGFR1 promotes pancreatic stellate cell-driven invasion through up-regulation of Neuregulin 1